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P1 F1 F2 Why are all first generation flowers gray? a. Gray is the dominant color. b. Gray is the recessive color. c. Gray is the darker color. d. It is just a coincidence. P1 F1 F2 What ratio explains the gray flowers and white flower in the second generation? a. b. c. d. 1 to 1 2 to 1 3 to 1 4 to 1 Review… • Recall that most organisms have two sets of chromosomes (each chromosome has a matching pair. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, so 46 chromosomes total.) • Pairs of chromosomes have matching genes, therefore, genes also come in pairs, (2). • Not all genes in a pair are identical! – Ex.) There is one gene pair that controls flower color in pea plants, yet there are two forms of that genepurple or white. Allele • One of two or more forms of a gene. – One allele may be dominant over the other recessive allele. – Ex.) alleles for eye color include brown and blue. Same gene, different form. Phenotype •physical appearance •what the trait will look like •Determined by genotype Genotype •type(s) of genes making up a trait (alleles) •usually written as 2 letters representing a gene pair –dominant trait is capitalized –recessive trait is lower-case •example: Ee or BB Heterozygous Homozygous •the alleles in a genotype are different (one is dominant and the other is recessive) •“hybrid” Ex.) Pp = Purple flowers •both alleles in a gene pair are the same (both dominant or both recessive) •“true-breeding or purebred” Ex.) PP = Purple flowers pp = white flowers Why can’t heterozygous pea plants ever be white??