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Transcript
Who is the Father of Genetics? Mendel a type of gene that is hidden by a dominant gene Recessive used to show the possible gene combinations in a cross between two organisms Punnett Square Punnet Squares • What tools can we use to predict each generation? • Simplest tool is a Punnet Square A A a a Parents A a A AA Aa a Aa aa a gene responsible for determining traits in an organism Allele chromosomes that do not determine the sex of a person Autosome HH Homozygous Dominant pattern where the phenotypes of both homozygous parents are present in heterozygous offspring; both alleles are equally expressed Codominant Alleles the stronger trait in a gene pair Dominant union of a sperm and egg Fertilization the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms Genetics an organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations Genotype an organism that has two different alleles for a single trait, for example (Hh) Heterozygous two of the same alleles for a trait, for example (HH) Homozygous an organism that is heterozygous for a particular trait Hybrid a genetic pattern in which neither of the two forms of a trait completely masks the other Incomplete Dominance any chromosome other than a sex chromosome Autosome a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs Karyotype having more than two alleles that control a trait Multiple Alleles a chart or "family tree" that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait Pedigree what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype Phenotype transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant Pollination hh Homozygous Recessive occurs when groups of gene pairs act together to produce a specific trait Polygenic Inheritance a trait that will be masked by more dominant trait •Recessive a trait that will be masked by more dominant trait What part of the flower does the pollen land on? Anther Stigma Fig. 10.01 What is the function of the Anther? To make pollen Black (BB) Crossed with Brown (bb) If homozygous Black (BB) Homozygous Brown (bb) If heterozygous Black (Bb) Homozygous Brown (bb) Gametes All Bb All offspring are black and heterozygous (a) (b) Fig. 10. 06 X and Y chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual Sex Chromosome What are the female Sex Chromosomes XX What are the male Sex Chromosomes XY characteristics that are inherited, such as your eye color Traits heterozygous offspring show a phenotype that is in between the phenotypes of the two homozygous parents Incomplete Dominance Hh Heterozygous (Also called) Hybrid Punnett Square b B B b b b B Bb Bb B Bb Bb How many traits are in a di-hybrid cross two Dihybrid Crosses With Guinea Pigs • The first cross, considering two genes in true-breeding parents, has predictable outcome • All dominant in the F1 cross a red (RR) and a white (WW) flower W R R W W W R RW RW R RW RW What type of cross Created pink flowers? Incomplete Dominance Cross two pink flowers R W R RR RW W RW WW What is the Phenotype ratio? 1 red:2pink:1white Cross to checked chickens (BW) B W B BB BW W BW WW What is the Genotype ratio? 1BB:2BW:1WW What type of cross produces checkered chickens Co-Dominance Blood type is What type of inheritance ? Multiple Alleles How many Alleles are there for blood type? There are 3 A, B, and O What blood types are possible A, B, AB and O What blood type is recessive Type O Cross type O With type AB AO B BO BO Probability is The chance that an event will occur