Download 4 Applied Genetics

Chapter 11 - Genetics
Chp. 11 – 4
Applied Genetics
I. Applied Genetics
A. using ones knowledge of genetics to
affect heredity
1. transfer genes from one
organism to another to give it
as a desired trait
a. hardier & better
tasting crops
b. stronger immunity
system
II. Mutation
A. a change in genes or chromosome’s
appearance or number of that causes a
new trait to be inherited
B. Hugo de Vries
1. looked at primroses
2. saw mutations within the plants
C. Occurs on all body cells (skin cells, sex cells etc.)
1. if on sex cells, will pass onto the
offspring
a. deformation
b. 12 toes instead if 10
c. no growth - dwarfism
d. color blindness
D. Changes
1. changes trait
a. Green eyes instead of blue
b. Extra finger or limb
2. harmful
a. Low RBC
b. Low WBC
c. Low platelet/plasma count
3. helpful
a. blend with environment
b. better tasting
E. types
1. deletion
a. when one chromosome is removed
b. ex: A B C D E F G  A B C F G
2.
insertion
a. when one chromosome is repeated
b. ex: A B C D E F G  A B A B C D E F G
3.
inversion
a. when chromosomes are changed/swapped
b. ex: A B C D E F G  A D C B F E G H
4. translocation
a. when blending chromosomes into one
b. Ex: ABCDEFGH WXYZ  WXABCEFGHYZ
5.
point mutation or substitution
a. when only one letter changes in the frame
b. Ex: aug aag uuu ggg  aug aag uug ggg
6.
Frame shift mutation
a. when a letter moves from one frame to another
moving all others up
b. Ex: aug aag uuu ggg  aug aa guuu ggg
The study of passing genes is
known as
40%
1.
2.
3.
4.
40%
Mutation
Chromosomes
Fertilization
Heredity
20%
0%
1
2
3
4
A change in a gene is
1. chromosomal
deformation
2. mutation
3. genetic engineering
4. a new trait
100%
0%
1
0%
2
3
0%
4
What scientist discovered
mutations?
60%
1.
2.
3.
4.
De Fries
De Hugo
Primrose
Mendel
40%
0%
1
2
3
0%
4
What plant did Hugo de Fries use
to study mutations?
80%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Roses
Pea plants
primroses
Pine trees
20%
0%
1
0%
2
3
4
Where do mutations occur?
80%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Blood
Heart
Plants
Chromosomes
20%
0%
1
2
0%
3
4
Which is not a harmful trait?
25%
25%
25%
2
3
25%
1. Low red blood cells
2. Low white blood
cells
3. 12 toes
4. Low platelet count
1
4
Which is not a helpful trait?
1. Better immune system
2. Better tasting
3. Ability to blend with
environment
4. Having an extra limb
100%
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
4
Which is not a type of a
mutation?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Deletion
Insertion
Translocation
Swap out
Inversion
80%
20%
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
4
5
III. Selective Breeding
A. the process of selecting traits and
breeding organisms for certain desired
traits to show
B. done for useful mutations
1. longer legs in sheep
2. race horses
C. Two types
1. hybridization
a. also known as outbreeding
b. crossing 2 genetically different
but related species of
organisms
c. crosses known to be hybrids
d. examples
1. mule = mare and jack donkey
2.
inbreeding
a. the cross of 2 organisms that have
the same or similar set of genes
b. prevents organisms from extinction
c. problems
1 - reduces the offspring’s chances
of inheriting new genes
2 - causes offspring to always be
similar
3 - organisms are susceptible to
certain diseases
4 - organisms not able to handle
environmental changes
IV. Genetic Engineering
A. Process which genes or pieces of DNA
are transferred into another organism
B. Examples
1. Medicine
a. test for diseases
b. treat disease
1 - growth hormone
2 - insulin
2. agriculture
a. ice-minus
1 - slows ice formation on plants
b. improving plant resistance toward
disease drought or insects
V. Cloning
A. The process in which one is created
from a single cell of the same group
creating an organism that is an exact
genetic copy of another
1. uses a cell from an adult organism
to grow a new one
2. ex: first cloned sheep in 1997 in
Europe
B. Very controversial
1. comes down morales/ethics
2. illegal in US
The selection of genes to get a
desired trait is known as
1.
2.
3.
4.
80%
Cloning
Selective breeding
Fertilization
Mutation
20%
0%
1
2
3
0%
4
What is another word for
hybridization?
60%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Inbreeding
Outbreeding
Sidebreeding
No breeding
40%
0%
1
2
3
0%
4
What’s the main difference between
inbreeding & hybridization?
80%
1. There is no difference
2. Inbreeding is with the
same group;
hybridization is different
groups
3. Inbreeding is with
different groups;
hybridization is with the
same group
20%
0%
1
2
3
Why do we inbreed?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Better genes
Prevents disease
Prevents extinction
More breeds develop
60%
40%
0%
1
2
0%
3
4
Process where pieces of genes are transferred
into another organism is known as
100%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Selective breeding
Outbreeding
Cloning
Genetic engineering
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
4
What is the process where we use an adult
gene to create new organism?
100%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Genetic engineering
Selective breeding
Inbreeding
Cloning
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
4
ASSIGNMENT:
review questions page 290
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