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Genetics
What is genetics?
The study of _______
(how traits are passed
from parents to
offspring)
What is genetics?
Genetics
The study of heredity
(how traits are passed
from parents to
offspring)
Heredity
How an organism passes ____ from one
generation to the next.
Heredity
How an organism passes traits from one
generation to the next.
Trait
A __________
or quality
of an organism
Trait
A characteristic
or quality
of an organism
Traits that are advantageous are ____ likely
to get passed on
Traits that are advantageous are more likely
to get passed on
Variability
The differences
between ________
in a given population
Variability
The differences
between organisms
in a given population
Adaptation
A structure or
behavior that allow an
organism to survive in
its environment.
http://animal.discovery.com/tvshows/animal-planetpresents/videos/whats-to-lovesidewinder-snake.htm
Who is Gregor Mendel?
Who is Gregor Mendel?
• An Augustinian monk
who taught physics to
high school students.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
• An Augustinian monk
who taught physics to
high school students.
• As a young man
worked as a gardener
and continued to work
with plants in his life
as a teacher and as a
monk.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
Mendel became known
as the father of
Genetics for his work.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
Mendel became known
as the father of
Genetics for his work.
In the 1860s, Mendel
studied variation
using the ____ of pea
plants.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
Mendel became known
as the father of
Genetics for his work.
In the 1860s, Mendel
studied variation
using the traits of pea
plants.
Who is Gregor Mendel
Plants
Who is Gregor Mendel
Plants
a. A flower is a
structure that contains
a plant’s reproductive
organs.
Who is Gregor Mendel
Plants
a. A flower is a
structure that contains
a plant’s reproductive
organs.
1. The ______ is
the male organ
that produces
pollen (sperm).
Who is Gregor Mendel
Plants
a. A flower is a
structure that contains
a plant’s reproductive
organs.
1. The stamen is
the male organ
that produces
pollen (sperm).
Who is Gregor Mendel?
2. The ___ is the
female organ that
contains egg cells.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
2. The pistil is the
female organ that
contains egg cells.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
2. The pistil is the
female organ that
contains egg cells.
b. During _____
_________, pollen is
transferred to the top
of the pistil (stigma)
within the same plant.
This leads to
fertilization (union of
sperm and egg)
Who is Gregor Mendel?
2. The pistil is the
female organ that
contains egg cells.
b. During selfpollination, pollen is
transferred to the top
of the pistil (stigma)
within the same plant.
This leads to
fertilization (union of
sperm and egg)
Who is Gregor Mendel?
b. During _____________, pollen is transferred
to the stigma of another plant (fertilization)
Who is Gregor Mendel?
b. During cross-pollination, pollen is transferred
to the stigma of another plant (fertilization)
Who is Gregor Mendel?
Vocabulary Review: A zygote is a fertilized
egg.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
Mendel found patterns
in the way traits were
_______.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
Mendel found patterns
in the way traits were
inherited.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
Mendel found patterns
in the way traits were
inherited.
a. organisms contain
two ____ per trait
(one from each
parent)
Who is Gregor Mendel?
Mendel found patterns
in the way traits were
inherited.
a. organisms contain
two genes per trait
(one from each
parent)
Who is Gregor Mendel?
b. Genes are units of ______; determines
traits in offspring.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
b. Genes are units of heredity; determines
traits in offspring.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
b. Genes are units of heredity; determines
traits in offspring.
c. ________ genes will mask (hide) other
genes; “stronger”
Who is Gregor Mendel?
b. Genes are units of heredity; determines
traits in offspring.
c. Dominant genes will mask (hide) other
genes; “stronger”
Who is Gregor Mendel?
b. Genes are units of heredity; determines
traits in offspring.
c. Dominant genes will mask (hide) other
genes; “stronger”
d. a _______ gene is hidden by a
dominant gene; “weaker”
Who is Gregor Mendel?
b. Genes are units of heredity; determines
traits in offspring.
c. Dominant genes will mask (hide) other
genes; “stronger”
d. a recessive gene is hidden by a
dominant gene; “weaker”
Who is Gregor Mendel?
e. _______ refers to an organism with a
pair of the ____ genes for a given trait
(either dominant or recessive). This is
known as being __________.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
e. Purebred refers to an organism with a
pair of the ____ genes for a given trait
(either dominant or recessive). This is
known as being __________.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
e. Purebred refers to an organism with a
pair of the same genes for a given trait
(either dominant or recessive. This is
known as being __________.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
e. Purebred refers to an organism with a
pair of the same genes for a given trait
(either dominant or recessive). This is
known as being homozygous.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
e. Purebred refers to an organism with a
pair of the same genes for a given trait
(either dominant or recessive. This is
known as being homozygous.
f. _____ refers to an organism with two
______ genes for a trait (one dominant
and one recessive). This is known as
being ___________.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
e. Purebred refers to an organism with a
pair of the same genes for a given trait
(either dominant or recessive). This is
known as being homozygous.
f. Hybrid refers to an organism with two
______ genes for a trait (one dominant
and one recessive. This is known as
being ___________.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
e. Purebred refers to an organism with a
pair of the same genes for a given trait
(either dominant or recessive). This is
known as being homozygous.
f. Hybrid refers to an organism with two
different genes for a trait (one dominant
and one recessive). This is known as
being ___________.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
e. Purebred refers to an organism with a
pair of the same genes for a given trait
(either dominant or recessive). This is
known as being homozygous.
f. Hybrid refers to an organism with two
different genes for a trait (one dominant
and one recessive). This is known as
being heterozygous.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
g. In genetics, each trait is noted by a
single letter (Ex. “T” for tall plants)
II. Who is Gregor Mendel?
g. In genetics, each gene is noted by a
single letter (Ex. “T” for height)
h. Capital letters are used to show which
is the dominant allele (copy of the gene)
Ex. T = the tall allele (dominant)
t = the short allele (recessive)
Who is Gregor Mendel?
g. In genetics, each gene is noted by a
single letter (i.e. “T” for height)
h. Capital letters are used to show which
is the dominant allele (copy of the gene)
1. i.e. T = the tall allele (dominant)
t = the short allele (recessive)
Are Genes Always Dominant and
Recessive?
Are Genes Always Dominant and
Recessive?
No, in some gene pairs, the genes are neither
dominant nor recessive. During ________
_________, neither gene hides the other (each
gene blends with the other).
Are Genes Always Dominant and
Recessive?
No, in some gene pairs, the genes are neither
dominant nor recessive. During incomplete
dominance, neither gene hides the other (each
gene blends with the other).
What are Phenotype and
Genotype?
________ – the visible
characteristics (traits).
What are Phenotype and
Genotype?
Phenotype – the visible
characteristics (traits).
What are Phenotype and
Genotype?
________ - the _____
that the organism
possesses. Ex: A
hybrid (heterozygous)
genotype will have a
phenotype that shows
the trait of the
dominant gene.
What are Phenotype and
Genotype?
________ - the genes
that the organism
possesses Ex: A
hybrid (heterozygous)
genotype will have a
phenotype that shows
the trait of the
dominant gene.
What are Phenotype and
Genotype?
Genotype - the genes
that the organism
possesses e.g. a
hybrid (heterozygous)
genotype will have a
phenotype that shows
the trait of the
dominant gene.