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Intermediate filaments
Motors
• Protein
– Use energy (ATP)
– Connect cytoskeleton to self and to vesicle
• Myosin
• Dynein and Kinesin (microtubules)
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
• Energy producers for the cell
• Bounded by double membrane
• Have their own DNA and ribosomes
(important for tracing lineage)
• Thought to once be symbiotic banteria
Central Dogma
Central Dogma
• Flow of information
• DNA
RNA
protein
• Gene : strech of DNA which encodes for the
primary structure of one protein
• DNA : 4 type of nucleotides (ATCG), which differ
by the bases (no the sugars of pgospate groups)
• Gene : has a sequences of nucleotides, which
ultimately encodes a sequences of amino acids.
Nucleus
Nucleus
• DNA
– Genes on chromosomal
– Leads to rotein synthesis
• Bounded by nuclear envelope
– Double lipid bilayer
– Nuclear pores regulates transport
• Not always at center of cell
• Contains nuclear
– Ribosome assembly
Chromosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• A network of continuos, single membranes
all throughout the cytoplasma
– Rough ER : protein synthesis due to
ribosomes
• Ribosomes are on outside surfce of rough ER
• Ribosomes are composed of rRNA and protein
– Smooth ER-lipid synthesis
• No ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
• Processes protein synthesized by ER
• Sorts proteins for secretion into different
vesicles, depending on their destination
Vesicles
• Generis name for hundred of small,
membrane bound organelle in a cell
Lysosomes
Lysosomes
• Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes,
low pH (4,5)
• Digest material engulfed by cell
• Digest and recycle damaged rganelles
• Waste storage
• Stomach and trash can
Traficking
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Endocytosis
• Receptor mediated endocytosis: moleculs
bind to integral membrane protein
• Phagocytosis : the cell eats something
large (such as a bacteria)
• Pinocytosis : cell drinking of fluid
• Goal : uptake and sort protein
• Path : vesicle, endosomes, TGN,
Lysosomes
Exocytosis
• Goal : sort and secret proteins
• Path : ER, golgi apparatus, trans golgi
network, endosomes
Junctions
• Cell-cel Adhesion :
– Tight junction
– Adherens junction
– desmosomes
• Cell-substrate adhesion :
– Focal adhesions
• Cell-cell communication :
– Gap junction
– Plasmodesmata
Cell-cell adhesion
Movement
• Cillia
– Many, short, synchronized
• flagella
– Few. Long. Whip-like
• Movement of fluid and food in it
• Locomotion of the cell in the water
• Fluid with microtubules
Plant Cells
• Cell wall
– Structural strength
• Central vacuole
– Large, water-filled space
– Surrounded by membrane
• Storage and maintain turgidity
• Chloroplast
– Captures light energy
– Have their own DNA and ribosomes
– Thought to once be symbiotic bacteria
Tool Of Biology
• Light microscope
• Electron Microscope
• Flourecence
microscope