Download The Cell

Bell Ringer: Complete the question
and turn in your bell ringer in on the
wooden shelf by the door!!
• Label the following pictures as Mutualism,
commensalism, or parasitism:
Expectations
• No talking…No warnings!!
• Stay in your seat!!
• Listen…you need this to graduate!!!
STAARS Structure
• REPORTING CATEGORY 1 – 11 Questions
– Cell structure/function
• Reporting category 2 – 11 questions
– mechanisms of genetics
• Reporting category 3 – 10 questions
– biological evolution and classification
• Reporting category 4 – 11 questions
– biological processes and systems
• Scientific process skills
– These skills will not be listed under a separate
reporting category. Instead, they will be
incorporated into at least 40% of the questions
from categories 1-5.
Packet
• Packet is divided into the different categories.
• 1st page of each category is your “cheat sheet”
• Notes follow the “cheat sheet”
Reporting Category 1
OVERVIEW
• The Cell is the basic unit of structure and
function in living organisms.
• Cells contain organelles that perform he
functions needed for life.
• All cells must maintain homeostasis (balance).
They function in a very narrow range of
temperature, pH, O2, CO2, food, and waste.
Organelles: (A=Animal, P=Plant,
B=Both)
• In the spaces next to each organelle, write
only the keywords that will help you recognize
them on the test. Label each as Animal, Plant,
or Both using the symbols above.
Nucleus (B)
• Control center of the
cell
• Contains DNA
• Responsible for carrying
out all the functions of
the cell
• “Brain” of the cell
• Keyword: Control
Center; Brain of cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum (B)
•
•
•
•
•
A.K.A. The “ER”
2 Types:
Smooth
Rough = Ribosomes
Responsible for
transporting proteins to
their destinations
• Keywords: Transports
proteins
Chromatin (B)
• Loose, unwound DNA
• Only seen when the cell is
NOT dividing
• What does chromatin or
DNA look like when cell
divides?
• Keywords: Loose
unwound DNA; Cell not
dividing
Cell Membrane (B)
• AKA Phospholipid bilayer
• Controls what enters and
leaves the cell
• Transports products into
and out of the cell
• Made up of 2 layers of
lipids with proteins
embedded
• Keywords: Controls what
enters and leaves cell
Cytoplasm (B)
• Gel like filling of the cell
that contains the
organelles
• Keywords: gel filling of
cell
Cell Wall (P)
• Stiff outside covering
made of cellulose
• Protects and supports
plant cells
• Keywords:
Protects/supports cell
Centrioles (A)
• Help in mitosis (cell
reproduction) by
organizing the spindle
fibers that pull the
chromosomes apart.
• Keywords: Used in
mitosis; Pulls
chromosomes
Chloroplasts (P)
• Double membrane sacs
that contain chlorophyll
for photosynthesis
• Keywords: chlorophyll;
photosynthesis
Mitochondria (B)
• Double membrane sacs
that take food and
oxygen to make it
energy in the form of
ATP
• Keywords: Energy, ATP,
Powerhouse
Ribosomes (B)
• mRNA that was copied
from DNA goes here to
be translated into
proteins
• Keywords: Proteins;
Protein Synthesis
Golgi Apparatus (B)
• Stats of sacs that takes
proteins from the ER
and packages and
modifies them
• Keywords:
Packages/Modifies
proteins
Lysosomes (B)
• sacs of digestive
enzymes that break
down and recycle
particles
• Keywords: Digests
Vacuoles (B)
• Storage sacs for water,
food, and dissolved
substances.
• They are large in plants
and called a central
vacuole
• Keywords: Storage,
water, nutrients
Bell Ringer!!
• Have your packet out and ready to go!
• No talking….No Warnings!!
• You have 6 Days until the STAARS!!!!
Cell Processes
• Divided into 2 categories:
– No Energy Needed
– Energy Needed
Diffusion
• Movement of molecules
from high to low
concentration
Osmosis
• Movement of water
across a membrane
from high to low
concentration
Osmosis
• Hypertonic HIGH makes
the cell DRY
• Hypotonic LOW makes
the cell GROW.
Facilitated Diffusion
• Using a protein to move
molecules from high to
low concentrations
Active Transport
• Molecules move from
low to
highconcentration
Endocytosis/Exocytosis
• Moving large molecules
into or out of cell by
enclosing them in a
membrane
Prokaryotic
• Simple cell (like
bacteria) with no
nucleus-just loop of
DNA, ribosomes and a
membrane, but no
membrane bound
organelles
Bacterial Cell Shapes
Know the ones with the
arrows only!!!!
Eukaryotic
• cells (like yours) that
contain a nucleus and
many other organelles.
**Remember…YOU are
EUKARYOTIC
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
Viruses
• Viruses are made of a
protein coat (CAPSID)
surrounding a piece of
nucleic acid (DNA or RNA).
• They are smaller than cells
and need cells to replicate
and translation to
reproduce.
• VIRUSES CAN’T BE
HARMED BY ANTIBIOTICS.
• Some can be stopped by
vaccinations. Viruses attach
using receptors on the cell
surface.
Virus Life Cycle
Mitosis
•
•
•
•
•
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Turn to next
page in your
notes!
Interphase
Growth
Cell Is Dividing
Growth
DNA is
Replicating
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Meiosis
Check For Understanding
• Daughter Cells are identical.
• Daughter cells contain half the number of
chromosomes as the parent cell.
• DNA duplicates before this process.
• This process produces eggs and sperm.
Biomolecules and Elements
• Biomolecule
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids (DNA)
• Elements that make up
biomolecule
• C,H,O
• C,H,O
• C,H,O,N,
• C,H,O,N,P
Lipid
• Waxes and Fats
• Has the most amount of
energy
• Where in plants can
lipids be found?
Carbohydrates
• Sugars
• In foods, usually
anything “white”
• Good for Quick Energy
Proteins
• Meats
• Muscles in Animals
Nucleotide
• Makes up DNA
• 3 Parts:
– Sugar
– Phosphate
– Base
Bell ringer: Answer the questions
below. Once you finish…Study fo yo
quiz!!!
• What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?
• What 3 things make up a nucleotide?
• Which cells are attacked by HIV?
• What is the first stage of the lytic virus life cycle?
• No Talking… No warnings!!
• Listen!!
• Stay in your seats!!
DNA
RNA
Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Base
ATGC
AUGC
Strands
Double
Single
Complimentary Base Pairs
• In DNA,
– Adenine (A) bonds with Thymine.
– Guanine (G) bonds with Cytosine.
– Thymine (T) bonds with Adenine.
– Cytosine (C) bonds with Guanine.
• In RNA,
– Adenine (A) bonds with Uracil (U).
– Guanine (G) bonds with Cytosine (C).
– Uracil (U) bonds with Adenine (A).
– Cytosine (C) bonds with Guanine (G).
Check for Understanding
• Check for Understanding:
• Write the complementary strand of DNA that
would bond to: TACACCGTC
____________________
• Translate the strand into mRNA.
__________________________
• List the amino acids that these codons stand
for. Use the chart below.____________
___________ __________
Amino Acids Chart
Nucleotide
• Building block of DNA &
RNA.
• Made up of:
– Sugar (Deoxyribose or
Ribose)
– Phosphate group
– Nitrogen Base  What
are these again?
Replication
• Making a DNA copy of
DNA is replication.
• Cells need to copy their
DNA for mitosis
(growth, repair,
maintenance).
• Daughter cells are
genetically identical.
Replication
• Enzyme (Helicase) unzips
DNA down the middle of
the hydrogen bonds.
• New bases come in and
pair up with the exposed
bases.
• Two new strands of DNA
are formed that are
exactly alike.
Central Dogma
DNA Transcription
m
RNA Translation
•
Proteins
Transcription (Nucleus)
• Purpose: Make DNA into RNA
• Steps:
– 1. Enzymes unzip the DNA and make an mRNA
copy. A with U and G with C.
– 2. The mRNA leaves the nucleus on its way to the
ribosome for translation.
Translation (Ribosomes)
• Every 3 bases (codons) on
the mRNA code for 1
amino acid.
• 2. tRNA brings in the
amino acids. They have
an anti-codon which
matches the codon on the
mRNA.
• 3. As the correct amino
acids are brought in, they
are bonded together with
peptide bonds to form a
polypeptide.
Check for Understanding
Which nuclear process is represented below?
• A DNA molecule untwists Two strands of
DNA separate  Molecular bases pair up
Two identical DNA molecules are produced
A. Recombination
D. Mutation
B. Fertilization C. Replication
What is the keyword in the question??
Quiz
Write the key word(S) that goes with each organelle.
Tell if the organelle can be found in (P), (A), or (B).
1.Mitochondria 2.Ribosomes 3.Vacuole 4.Nucleus
5.Chloroplasts 6.Cell Wall 7.Cell Membrane 8.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
9. Identify this cell shape:
10.What are the 3 phases of Interphase?
11. Identify this bio-molecule:
12. What are 3 main differences
between mitosis & meiosis?
Bell Ringer: Answer the questions
below! You have 3 minutes!
1. What is the complimentary DNA strand for:
ATGCCATGA
2. What is the complimentary RNA strand for:
ATGCCATGA
3. What are the 3 amino acids for the following DNA
strand: ATGCCATG
Reminders
• No Talking…No Warnings
• Stay in your seat!
• Listen!!! You have 4 days until your STAARS
test
Review
DNA
Sugar
Bases
Strand
RNA
• What is transcription?
• What is translation?
• Where does transcription occur?
• Where does translation occur?
• What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
• What are some tips to help you identify
replication on the test?
Mendelian Genetic Basics
•
•
•
•
Allele: Form of a gene. Ex. B or b
P=parent generation
F1=first filial (family)
F2= Second family (3rd generation)
• Genotype: genes for a trait.
Ex. Bb
• Phenotype: physical
appearance
• Dominant: The allele that
shows up in the offspring
(Capital letter)
• Homozygous: Both alleles
are same for a trait. BB or bb
• Heterozygous: Both alleles
are different for a trait. Bb
• Recessive: allele that is
hidden if dominant gene is
present. (lowercase)
• Purebred: Homozygous
• Hybrid: Heterozygous
Punnett Squares
• Monohybrid Cross: Tt X Tt
Practice
• In dogs, wire hair (S) is dominant to smooth
(s). In a cross of a homozygous wire-haired
dog with a smooth-haired dog, what will be
the phenotype of the F1 generation?
•
S
S
•
s
•
•
s
Dihybrid Crosses – 2 traits!
• Incomplete Dominance: Inheritance
pattern where neither trait is dominant
over the other and a third trait is formed
Ex. Red flower (RR) X White flower (WW)
makes a Pink flower
• Outcome becomes a characteristic that
is “between” the two parental
characteristics
Codominance
• Codominance: Two
alleles are expressed
equally in a phenotype.
Ex. In blood types, A
and B are co-dominant,
O is recessive.
Mutations
• Mutation: changes in DNA.
•
• Point mutation: one base pair is changed.
ATTGC is changed to ATAGC
•
• Deletion: Part of a chromosome is missing. Abcd
Abd
• Duplication: Part of a chromosome contains two
copies of the same information. Abcde AAbcde
Translocation
• Translocation: a piece
of one chromosome is
stuck on another
creating extra genetic
information in the cell
• Monosomy: One copy
of a chromosome is
present instead of two
(Turner’s)
• Trisomy: 3 copies of a
chromosome are
present instead of two
(Down’s Syndrome)
Pedigree Charts
• Circles are females, squares are
males. Individuals with genetic
diseases are colored in.
• Recessive genetic disorder: two
non-affected parents will have a
child with the disease Ex. Sickle
Cell Anemia, Cystic Fibrosis
• Dominant genetic disease: One
parent must have the disease to
pass it to their offspring Ex.
Huntington’s Disease
• Sex linked: A recessive gene that
mother’s carry on their X
chromosomes pass it to their sons
Ex. Hemophilia
• Remember!!! Look to see if there
is a key describing the chart!!!
Karyotypes
• Karyotype: pictures taken of the
chromosomes at metaphase. They are cut out
and matched with their identical
chromosome. Two copies of each
chromosome should be present (homologous
chromosomes; 1 from dad, 1 from mom).
• Karyotypes are used to show mutations.
Identify the Genetic Disorder!
• Recombinant DNA:
made by connecting, or
recombining, fragments
of DNA from different
sources.
You ARE the father….
Practice quiz 2
• Corrections:
– #1: Answer choice A should read Gg