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Let’s Review! Mitosis is: When a cell makes a copy of itself for: growth repair replacement In mitosis: Mother cell with a full set Of chromosomes (diploid number; a.k.a. 2n) Two daughter cells With a full set of Chromosomes (diploid number; a.k.a 2n) The Phases of Mitosis • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Cytokinesis (you should ALL know these by heart by now!) Mitosis Only body cells reproduce by mitosis (and some organisms too but we will talk about that later) Meiosis Meiosis is __________ for _________ on ____________ to offspring. Meiosis Meiosis is the kind of _________ ___________ that forms _______ and __________ cells. Egg and sperm are also called __________ CELLS! They are ________ by the _________________ organs. What is the _________ of making cells through meiosis? Meiosis helps a living thing _____________ its __________ number! Meaning… Mom has _____ chromosomes Dad has ______ chromosomes You have _____ chromosomes Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Chromosomes and Chromosome Number Human ______ _____ have 46 chromosomes ____ ______ contributes 23 chromosomes _________ chromosomes—one of two _________ chromosomes, one from each parent Definitions: Chromosomes: _____ all the __________ that is _________ from one __________ to the next. _________ in your ________ make up that makes you-YOU your ________, your ______ color, hair color, whether you have __________, or curly ________ etc. This is all ____________. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Chromosomes and Chromosome Number Same ____________ Same ____________ position Carry ________ that ___________ the same ________ traits BUT • If mom ________ you ______ 46 of her chromosomes • AND dad gave you ________ 46 of his chromosomes (______ __ __________) • _______ would have _____ chromosomes And You would ________ in ______ from what your __________ were. AND Your ________ would ________ in size from what you are now Eventually You would be a huge monster that could no longer be supported by the resources of the planet. That doesn’t happen _______ only gives you ______ her _______ information (____ chromosomes) ________ only _______ you _______ his _________ information (___ chromosomes) So, that you _________ the _______ chromosome number of ____ in your body More Definitions: • ________ Number: the ______ number of _________ in an organism (in humans this is ____) • ________ Number: ______ of the total ____________ of chromosomes in an organism (in humans this is __) Meiosis is the way that: An ________ produces ________ to ______ the same number of _________ from generation to ____________. ________ and ____ cells (gametes) are made so that they only have _____ of the total number of chromosomes. So that when egg and sperm ________ they create a ________ organism with the ________ number of chromosomes! Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis I The _______ life cycle in animals involves _________. ________ produces ___________. _________ gametes _________ in ________, the number of chromosomes is ____________. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Stages of Meiosis I ________ the chromosome ______ by ____ through the _________ of __________ chromosomes Involves _____ consecutive cell _______ called meiosis ___ and meiosis ____ Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis I _________ Chromosomes _______. _________ condenses. Interphase Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis I _____________ I _______ of homologous chromosomes _______. Each _______ consists of two _________. Prophase I The ________ envelope _______ down. _________ form. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis I Prophase I ________ over produces ________ of genetic ____________. Crossing over—__________ segments are __________ between a _______ of _________ chromosomes. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis I ____________ I Chromosome __________ attach to ________ fibers. Metaphase I Homologous chromosomes _____ __ at the ________. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis I _____________ I Homologous chromosomes ________ and move to __________ poles of the cell. Anaphase I Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis I ____________ I The _______ break down. Chromosomes ______ and form two ______ The cell _________. Telophase I Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis II ____________ II A _______ set of _____begins as the spindle ________ forms and the chromosomes ____________. Prophase II Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis II _____________ II A ______ number of chromosomes _____ ___ at the equator. Metaphase II Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis II ___________ II The _______ Anaphase II chromatids are ______ ______ at the _______ by spindle fibers and ______ toward the opposite ____ of the cell. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis II __________ II The chromosomes Telophase II ______ the poles, and the nuclear ______ and nuclei ________. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Meiosis II ______ results in _____ haploid cells, each with __ number of chromosomes. Cytokinesis Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis The ______________ of Meiosis Meiosis consists of ____ sets of _________ _______ four ______ daughter cells that are _______ identical _________ in genetic ____________ Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis _______ Provides ________ ________ on how the chromosomes _____ __ at the equator, ____ gametes with _____ different _____ of _________ can result. Genetic _______ also is ______ during ______ over and during _______, when ______ randomly ___________. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis Sexual Reproduction v. Asexual Reproduction _____________ reproduction The organism ______ ____ of its chromosomes from a ______ parent. The ______ individual is genetically identical to its parent. _________ reproduction ______ genes _______ faster over time. The end result of meiosis: ____ new cells that have only ______the number of chromosomes (________ number) in males- ___ sperm cells are _______ (in humans the __________ # is 23) in females- 1 ____ and 3 _____ bodies are made (the egg has 23 chromosomes) More Vocabulary ________: the stage in life when a person begins to _________ sex cells _______: _______ sex organs that produce _______ ________: female sex organs that produce _______ (a.k.a: ova) More Vocabulary: ________ body: the _____ cells formed by a ______ during meiosis. They all ____ after being created. __________: when the _______ from the egg and sperm _____ together. The new _______ has a ____________ set of chromosomes now, ___ from each parent. Egg versus Sperm Eggs: A woman has her _________ number of eggs (about 7 million) while still a _______ in her mother’s womb. At ______ that number _______ to about __ or ___ million. By ________ that number has _________ to about ________. And of that number _____ ______-_____ ever mature to be __________ by the ovary. Egg versus Sperm As women _____ fewer eggs can ______ because of __________. Egg versus Sperm ________: At _______ the males _______ makes millions of sperm _______ day. Egg versus Sperm Size: Eggs are ________ compared to the sperm. Fertilization: _______sperm _____ to _______ the egg, however, it only takes one to make a baby! Mendel’s Work In 1865 an Austrian Monk named _______ ______ saw certain ______ in the garden pea plants he grew in his garden. He __________ and ________ the traits he saw in the pea plants. Mendel Mendel was able to ______ some _____ laws of genetics. He explained _______ and _________. He also __________ how traits were ______ from _______ to _________ Mendel looked at pea plants He looked at several traits of the pea plant. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Mendelian Genetics The ________ generation is also known as the _____ generation. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Mendelian Genetics The ________ of this P cross are called the _____ _________(F1) generation. The ______ filial (F2) generation is the ______ from the F1 cross. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Genes in Pairs _______ An _______ form of a _____ gene ______ from generation to generation Dominant Recessive Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Mendelian Genetics _______: A ______ that “_______ __” another trait (the ________ trait) and is what can be ______ (either physically, or genetically) in an organism. ___________: A gene that gets ______ up by a dominant trait Homozygous versus Heterozygous An organism with _____ of the ______ _______ for a particular trait is ____________. Can either be TWO ___________ alleles or TWO ___________ alleles example: Homozygous __________ would be written ____ (the _______ trait would be seen) Homozygous ___________ would be written _____ (the __________ trait would be seen) Homozygous versus Heterozygous An organism with ____ ______ alleles for a particular trait is ______________. This would be written: ______ ( and the ________ trait would _____ __ the recessive trait) Dominant versus Recessive There are ______ ways for a dominant trait to show up: ____________ Dominant (TT) Or _____________ (Tt) Dominant versus Recessive The _________ way for a recessive trait to be seen is if it is: ______________ recessive (tt) Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Genotype and Phenotype An organism’s _______ ______ are called its _____________. The _________ characteristic or _______ expression of an allele pair is called the ___________. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Mendel’s Law of Segregation ______ alleles for each trait _________ during meiosis. During _________, two alleles for that trait ____. __________ organisms are called _________. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Monohybrid Cross A ________ that involves ______ for a ______ trait is called a ________ cross. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Dihybrid Cross The _________ inheritance of ___ or _____ traits in the same plant is a _______ cross. _________ are __________ for both traits. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Law of _______________ Assortment _______ distribution of ______ occurs during gamete _____________ _______ on _________ chromosomes sort ___________ during meiosis. Each allele ________ is _________ likely to _________. Expected and Observed Results The _______ Square: is a way to _____ which _____ can ______ when egg and sperm _______. _______ are used when ________ to a ________ trait. A ______ letter such as __ is used to ________ a dominant _______ A ______ letter such as __ is used to ________ a recessive gene Our example continues: A person with ___ genes is ________ dominant (pure dominant) for ____ earlobes (meaning they have _______ earlobes) A person with ___ genes is _______ recessive (pure recessive) for ________ earlobes (their earlobes don’t dangle) Our example continues: A person with ___ genes is ______ dominant and they have ______ earlobes When a person has a ________ AND a _________ gene (like above) then the _____ LETTER is ______ first and the _____ letter is written next. This is meant to show that the _____ gene is what can be seen. Follow these steps to determine the possible combinations of genes a child could have. For our example both parents will be __________ Each parent has: __ (one copy of the _________ trait which is _______ earlobes) __ (one copy of the _________ trait which is ________ earlobes) It is written this way: ____ Step 1 Draw a punnett square ______ little _______ of the box (each quarter) stands for 1 ___________ ______ of genes that the future offspring can have There are ____ boxes, so four possible ________ of genes will be shown. _______ combination of genes ________ from a sperm cell ___________ an egg cell Step 2 Mother’s Genes ___________ what kind of genes will be in the _____ cells of _______ _________. _________ the ________ for the genes that ________ appear in the mother’s egg _________ the top of the square. (one of the letters above each different square). For our example, remember that mom is heterozygous: Ff F Father’s Genes f Step 3 Mother’s Genes Now, _______ the letters for the genes that _______ appear in the father’s sperm F ______ the side of the square. (one of the letters next to each different square). For our example, remember that dad is ___________: Ff Meaning there are 2 possible genes for the sperm F: _______ earlobes f: _________ earlobes F Father’s Genes f f Step 4 ______ the letters that appear at the ________ of the square into the _________ below each letter. ________ the letters that _______ at the _______ of the square _____ the boxes ______ to each letter Mother’s Genes Dad’s genes F f F FF Ff f Ff ff Step 5 Mother’s Genes Look at ______ little ________. They now show the possible __________ of eggs and sperm. They also show the possible __________ of genes that the ___________ might _________. In our example: FF, Ff, ff Dad’s genes F f F FF Ff f Ff ff Step 6 Mother’s Genes The Punnett Square at right ______ the way the child could ______. F f FF Ff Remember __ is ______ for _____ earlobes. There are _____ possible ways for a child to have ______ earlobes: Dad’s genes F Free earlobes Free earlobes FF and Ff (3 out of the 4 offspring would have free earlobes) f Ff ff Free earlobes Attached earlobes Step 6 Mother’s Genes There is only _____ combination of genes that would result in a child with ________ earlobes: ff On average only __ out of ___ kids would have attached earlobes Dad’s genes F F f FF Ff Free earlobes Free earlobes f Ff ff Free earlobes Attached earlobes Expected Ratios The punnett square _______ what kinds of traits ___________ can have. It shows what to _______ when the _______ and _____ of two parents ______. ________ results are what can be ________. Expected Ratios We can ______ what each child will look like. ___ would have _____ earlobes, ___ would have _______ earlobes We could only make these predictions because we knew what genes the parents had. Observed Results We know that the _______ ________ from Punnett Square don’t always occur in every family The traits that are _________ ______ in offspring when parents with certain genetic traits mate are the ___________ ___________. A ________ square _______ what _________ happen. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Mendelian Genetics Punnett Square— Dihybrid Cross _____ types of alleles from the _____ gametes and ____ types of alleles from the female gametes can be _________. The ________ phenotypic _____ is __________. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Genetic Recombination The new ________ of genes produced by _________ _____ and ____________ ___________ ________ of genes due to independent assortment can be ________ using the formula ___, where n is the number of chromosome ______. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Gene Linkage The _______ of genes on a chromosome results in an ________ to Mendel’s law of ___________ assortment because linked genes usually ____ _____ segregate independently. Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Polyploidy _______ is the occurrence of ____ or more extra _____ of all _________ in an organism. A ______ organism, for instance, would be designated ___, which means that it has ______ complete _____ of chromosomes.