Download Let`s Review!

Let’s Review!
Mitosis is:
When a cell makes a copy of itself for:
growth
repair
replacement
In mitosis:
Mother cell with a full set
Of chromosomes
(diploid number; a.k.a. 2n)
Two daughter cells
With a full set of
Chromosomes
(diploid number;
a.k.a 2n)
The Phases of Mitosis
• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Cytokinesis
(you should ALL know
these by heart by now!)
Mitosis
Only body cells reproduce by mitosis (and
some organisms too but we will talk about
that later)
Meiosis
Meiosis is __________ for _________ on
____________ to offspring.
Meiosis
Meiosis is the kind of
_________ ___________ that forms _______ and
__________ cells.
Egg and sperm are also called
__________ CELLS!
They are ________ by the _________________
organs.
What is the _________ of making
cells through meiosis?
Meiosis helps a
living thing
_____________
its __________
number!
Meaning…
Mom has _____
chromosomes
Dad has ______
chromosomes
You have _____
chromosomes
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Chromosomes and Chromosome Number
 Human ______ _____ have 46
chromosomes
 ____ ______ contributes 23 chromosomes
 _________ chromosomes—one of two
_________ chromosomes, one from each
parent
Definitions:
Chromosomes: _____ all the
__________ that is
_________ from one
__________ to the next.
_________ in your
________ make up that
makes you-YOU
your ________, your
______ color, hair
color, whether you
have __________, or
curly ________ etc.
This is all ____________.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Chromosomes and Chromosome Number
 Same ____________
 Same ____________ position
 Carry ________ that
___________ the
same ________ traits
BUT
• If mom ________ you ______ 46 of her
chromosomes
• AND dad gave you ________ 46 of his
chromosomes (______ __ __________)
• _______ would have _____ chromosomes
And
You would ________ in ______ from what
your __________ were.
AND
Your ________ would ________ in size from
what you are now
Eventually
You would be
a
huge monster
that could no
longer
be supported
by the resources
of the planet.
That doesn’t happen
_______ only gives you ______ her _______
information (____ chromosomes)
________ only _______ you _______ his
_________ information (___ chromosomes)
So, that you _________ the _______
chromosome number of ____ in your body
More Definitions:
• ________ Number:
the ______ number
of _________ in an
organism (in
humans this is ____)
• ________ Number:
______ of the total
____________ of
chromosomes in an
organism (in
humans this is __)
Meiosis is the way that:
An ________ produces ________ to ______ the
same number of _________ from generation to
____________.
________ and ____ cells (gametes) are made so
that they only have _____ of the total number of
chromosomes.
So that when egg and sperm ________ they
create a ________ organism with the ________
number of chromosomes!
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I
 The _______ life
cycle in animals
involves _________.
 ________ produces
___________.
 _________ gametes
_________ in ________, the number of
chromosomes is ____________.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Stages of Meiosis I
 ________ the chromosome ______ by ____
through the _________ of __________
chromosomes
 Involves _____ consecutive cell _______
called meiosis ___ and meiosis ____
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I
 _________
 Chromosomes _______.
 _________ condenses.
Interphase
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I
 _____________ I
 _______ of homologous
chromosomes _______.
 Each _______ consists of two
_________.
Prophase I
 The ________ envelope _______ down.
 _________ form.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I
 Prophase I
 ________ over produces ________ of genetic
____________.
 Crossing over—__________ segments are
__________ between a _______ of _________
chromosomes.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I
 ____________ I
 Chromosome
__________ attach
to ________ fibers.
Metaphase I
 Homologous chromosomes _____ __ at
the ________.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I
 _____________ I
 Homologous
chromosomes
________ and move
to __________ poles of the cell.
Anaphase I
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis I
 ____________ I
 The _______
break down.
 Chromosomes ______ and form two
______
 The cell _________.
Telophase I
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis II
 ____________ II
 A _______ set of
_____begins
as the spindle ________ forms and the
chromosomes ____________.
Prophase II
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis II
 _____________ II
 A ______ number
of chromosomes
_____ ___ at the
equator.
Metaphase II
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis II
 ___________ II
 The _______
Anaphase II
chromatids are
______ ______ at the _______ by spindle
fibers and ______ toward the opposite
____ of the cell.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis II
 __________ II
 The chromosomes
Telophase II
______ the poles, and
the nuclear ______ and nuclei ________.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Meiosis II
 ______ results in
_____ haploid cells,
each with __ number
of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
The ______________ of Meiosis
 Meiosis consists of ____ sets of _________
 _______ four ______ daughter cells that are
_______ identical
 _________ in genetic ____________
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
_______ Provides ________
 ________ on how the
chromosomes _____ __ at
the equator, ____ gametes
with _____ different _____
of _________ can result.
 Genetic _______ also is
______ during ______
over and during _______,
when ______ randomly
___________.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction v. Asexual Reproduction
 _____________ reproduction
 The organism ______ ____ of its
chromosomes from a ______ parent.
 The ______ individual is genetically
identical to its parent.
 _________ reproduction
 ______ genes _______ faster over time.
The end result of meiosis:
____ new cells that have only
______the number of
chromosomes (________
number)
in males- ___ sperm cells
are _______ (in humans
the __________ # is 23)
in females- 1 ____ and 3
_____ bodies are made
(the egg has 23
chromosomes)
More Vocabulary
________: the stage in life when a person
begins to _________ sex cells
_______: _______ sex organs that produce
_______
________: female sex organs that produce
_______ (a.k.a: ova)
More Vocabulary:
________ body: the _____ cells formed by
a ______ during meiosis. They all ____
after being created.
__________: when the _______ from the
egg and sperm _____ together. The new
_______ has a ____________ set of
chromosomes now, ___ from each parent.
Egg versus Sperm
Eggs:
A woman has her _________ number of eggs (about 7 million) while
still a _______ in her mother’s womb.
At ______ that number _______ to about __ or ___ million.
By ________ that number has _________ to about ________.
And of that number _____ ______-_____ ever mature to be
__________ by the ovary.
Egg versus Sperm
As women
_____ fewer
eggs can
______
because of
__________.
Egg versus Sperm
________:
At _______ the males _______ makes
millions of sperm _______ day.
Egg versus Sperm
Size:
Eggs are ________
compared to the sperm.
Fertilization:
_______sperm _____ to
_______ the egg,
however, it only takes
one to make a baby!
Mendel’s Work
In 1865 an Austrian
Monk named _______
______ saw certain
______ in the garden
pea plants he grew in
his garden.
He __________ and
________ the traits he
saw in the pea plants.
Mendel
Mendel was able to ______ some _____
laws of genetics.
He explained _______ and _________.
He also __________ how traits were
______ from _______ to _________
Mendel looked at pea plants
He looked
at
several
traits of
the pea
plant.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
 The ________ generation is also known
as the _____ generation.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
 The ________ of
this P cross are
called the _____
_________(F1)
generation.
 The ______ filial
(F2) generation is
the ______ from
the F1 cross.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Genes in Pairs
 _______
 An _______ form of a _____ gene
______ from generation to generation
 Dominant
 Recessive
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
_______: A ______ that “_______ __”
another trait (the ________ trait) and is
what can be ______ (either physically, or
genetically) in an organism.
___________: A gene that gets ______ up
by a dominant trait
Homozygous versus Heterozygous
 An organism with _____ of the ______ _______ for a
particular trait is ____________.
Can either be
TWO ___________ alleles
or
TWO ___________ alleles
example: Homozygous __________ would be
written ____ (the _______ trait would be
seen)
Homozygous ___________ would be written
_____ (the __________ trait would be seen)
Homozygous versus Heterozygous
 An organism with ____ ______ alleles for
a particular trait is ______________.
 This would be written:
 ______
( and the ________ trait would _____ __
the recessive trait)
Dominant versus Recessive
There are ______ ways for a dominant trait
to show up:
____________ Dominant (TT)
Or
_____________ (Tt)
Dominant versus Recessive
The _________ way for a recessive trait to
be seen is if it is:
______________ recessive (tt)
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Genotype and Phenotype
 An organism’s _______ ______ are called
its _____________.
 The _________ characteristic or _______
expression of an allele pair is called the
___________.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Mendel’s Law of Segregation
 ______ alleles for each trait _________ during
meiosis.
 During _________, two alleles for that trait ____.
 __________ organisms are called _________.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Monohybrid Cross
 A ________ that
involves ______ for
a ______ trait is
called a ________
cross.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Dihybrid Cross
 The _________ inheritance of ___ or _____
traits in the same plant is a _______ cross.
 _________ are __________ for both traits.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Law of _______________ Assortment
 _______ distribution of ______ occurs
during gamete _____________
 _______ on _________ chromosomes sort
___________ during meiosis.
 Each allele ________ is _________ likely to
_________.
Expected and Observed Results
The _______ Square: is a way to
_____ which _____ can
______ when egg and sperm
_______.
_______ are used when
________ to a ________ trait.
A ______ letter such as __ is
used to ________ a dominant
_______
A ______ letter such as __ is
used to ________ a recessive
gene
Our example continues:
A person with ___ genes is
________ dominant
(pure dominant) for ____
earlobes (meaning they
have _______ earlobes)
A person with ___ genes is
_______ recessive (pure
recessive) for ________
earlobes (their earlobes
don’t dangle)
Our example continues:
A person with ___ genes is ______
dominant and they have ______ earlobes
When a person has a ________ AND a
_________ gene (like above) then the
_____ LETTER is ______ first and the
_____ letter is written next. This is meant
to show that the _____ gene is what can
be seen.
Follow these steps to determine the
possible combinations of genes a
child could have.
For our example both parents will be __________
Each parent has:
__ (one copy of the _________ trait which is
_______ earlobes)
__ (one copy of the _________ trait which is
________ earlobes)
It is written this way: ____
Step 1
Draw a punnett square
______ little _______ of the box
(each quarter) stands for 1
___________ ______ of
genes that the future offspring
can have
There are ____ boxes, so four
possible ________ of genes
will be shown.
_______ combination of genes
________ from a sperm cell
___________ an egg cell
Step 2
Mother’s Genes
___________ what kind of
genes will be in the _____ cells
of _______ _________.
_________ the ________ for the
genes that ________ appear in
the mother’s egg
_________ the top of the
square. (one of the letters
above each different square).
For our example, remember that
mom is heterozygous: Ff
F
Father’s Genes
f
Step 3
Mother’s
Genes
Now, _______ the letters for the
genes that _______ appear in
the father’s sperm
F
______ the side of the square.
(one of the letters next to each
different square).
For our example, remember that
dad is ___________: Ff
Meaning there are 2 possible
genes for the sperm
F: _______ earlobes
f: _________ earlobes
F
Father’s
Genes
f
f
Step 4
______ the letters
that appear at
the ________ of
the square into
the _________
below each
letter.
________ the
letters that
_______ at the
_______ of the
square _____
the boxes
______ to each
letter
Mother’s Genes
Dad’s
genes
F
f
F
FF
Ff
f
Ff
ff
Step 5
Mother’s Genes
Look at ______ little
________. They
now show the
possible
__________ of
eggs and sperm.
They also show the
possible
__________ of
genes that the
___________ might
_________.
In our example:
FF, Ff, ff
Dad’s
genes
F
f
F
FF
Ff
f
Ff
ff
Step 6
Mother’s Genes
The Punnett Square at
right ______ the way
the child could
______.
F
f
FF
Ff
Remember __ is ______
for _____ earlobes.
There are _____ possible
ways for a child to
have ______
earlobes:
Dad’s
genes
F
Free earlobes Free earlobes
FF and Ff
(3 out of the 4 offspring
would have free
earlobes)
f
Ff
ff
Free earlobes
Attached
earlobes
Step 6
Mother’s Genes
There is only _____
combination of
genes that would
result in a child with
________ earlobes:
ff
On average only __
out of ___ kids
would have
attached earlobes
Dad’s
genes
F
F
f
FF
Ff
Free earlobes Free earlobes
f
Ff
ff
Free earlobes
Attached
earlobes
Expected Ratios
The punnett square _______ what kinds of
traits ___________ can have.
It shows what to _______ when the
_______ and _____ of two parents
______.
________ results are what can be
________.
Expected Ratios
We can ______ what each child will look
like.
___ would have _____ earlobes, ___ would
have _______ earlobes
We could only make these predictions
because we knew what genes the parents
had.
Observed Results
We know that the _______ ________ from
Punnett Square don’t always occur in every
family
The traits that are _________ ______ in offspring
when parents with certain genetic traits mate are
the ___________ ___________.
A ________ square _______ what _________
happen.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
Punnett Square—
Dihybrid Cross
 _____ types of alleles
from the _____ gametes
and ____ types of
alleles from the female
gametes can be
_________.
 The ________ phenotypic
_____ is __________.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy
Genetic Recombination
 The new ________ of genes produced by
_________ _____ and ____________
___________
 ________ of genes due to independent
assortment can be ________ using the
formula ___, where n is the number of
chromosome ______.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy
Gene Linkage
 The _______ of genes on a chromosome results
in an ________ to Mendel’s law of ___________
assortment because linked genes usually ____
_____ segregate independently.
Chapter
10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy
Polyploidy
 _______ is the occurrence of ____ or more extra
_____ of all
_________
in an organism.
 A ______ organism,
for instance, would
be
 designated ___,
which means that
it has ______ complete _____ of chromosomes.