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Transcript
Warm Up Tuesday, January 8, 2013 1. List the thing you enjoyed the most over your holiday break? 2. State one fact you know about genetics/DNA. Genetics #1: Introduction to Genetics & Gregor Mendel Reminder: Cornell Notes Divide your paper ◦ Cues Section (1/3 page) ◦ Notes Section (2/3 page) At the END of today: ◦ Draw a horizontal line at end of notes ◦ 3-5 complete sentence summary of that day’s notes ◦ Must include SPECIFICS Objectives Describe the importance of Gregor Mendel. 2. Define the term traits. 1. Genetics = study of heredity All living thing (plant, animal, or microbe) has a set of characteristics/traits Inherit from parent(s) Review: Meiosis Fertilization ◦ Sexual reproduction ◦ Male sperm & female egg join Each haploid Latin Root: hapl = single ◦ Produce new cell Diploid Latin Root: diplo = double ◦ Develops into embryo (seeds in plants) Gregor Mendel: Austrian monk, teacher, scientist, botanist Studied peas in 19th century (1800’s) Made observations Designed experiments Mathematical analysis Known as Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel’s Work Bred peas in garden 1) Cross pollinated true breeding parent plants 2) Raised plants from seeds & made observations 3) Allowed offspring to self-bred & observed their offspring True-breeding AKA pure-bred SAME characteristics seen in parent & offspring (IDENTICAL) Do NOT see any other characteristics The Original Plants Plants in 1 section had different characteristics than plants in another section Example: Seeds Seeds Plants Plants #1 #2 #1 #2 Tall plants Short plants green seeds yellow seeds Traits = specific characteristics (examples: seed/flower color, eye color, hair color) Mendel studied 7 different pea plant traits Worksheet: Karyotyping Karyotype = picture of chromosomes Used to detect chromosomal abnormalities ***Latin Root: karyo = nucleus*** Warm Up Wednesday, Who January 9, 2013 is the Father of Genetics? Genetics #2: Mendel’s Genetic Crosses, Dominance, Segregation Objectives Contrast dominant and recessive alleles 2. Define the term allele. 1. P generation Original generation of plants Parents called P or “parental” generation ◦ Bridget & Brendan are the parents therefore they are the P generation P P F1 generation Offspring called F1 or “first filial” generation ◦ Filius and filia are the Latin words for “son” and “daughter” ◦ Kaya & Dorian are the children therefore they are the F1 generation F1 F1 Hybrids = combination of 2 different things = offspring of crosses between parents w/ different traits Ex: ◦ Zonkey (donkey & zebra) ◦ Liger (tiger & lion) ◦ Toyota Prius (electric & gas) Mendel’s Cross Pollination Experiments Cross Pollination = breeding 2 plants that have different characteristics What did he do? ◦ Crossed parent plants w/ different characteristics (tall, short, green seeds, yellow seeds) ◦ Studied the offspring What were the results? Mixture of all the traits? NO, all hybrids had characteristics of only ONE parents In each cross, the character of the other parent seemed to disappear! Dominance = Have 2 different traits in parents, but only see 1 trait in offspring Dominant Trait = Trait you see Recessive Trait = Trait you do NOT see Parent: Blue Eyes Parent: Brown Eyes Child: Brown Eyes Phenotype vs Genotype Phenotype = physical characteristics ◦ Example: brown or blue eyes Genotype = genetic characteristics ◦ Example: BB, Bb, or bb 1st Conclusion: Genes = biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from one generation to the next (parent to offspring) Alleles = different forms of a gene ◦ One on every chromosome 2nd conclusion: Principle of Dominance States some alleles are dominant & others are recessive An organism with a dominant allele will ALWAYS show the dominant trait Mendel’s Findings Result: All seeds yellow ◦ Yellow seeds = Dominant ◦ Green seeds = recessive What happened to the recessive traits? Did they disappear? Did they segregate? Experiment #2: ◦ Crossed the different F1 generation ◦ Made F2 generation Mendel’s 2nd Experiment Results: ◦ Recessive traits reappeared ◦ ¼ or 25% of the plants had recessive traits in F2 generation Conclusion: Mendel’s Law of Segregation F1 plants produced gametes (sex cells) ◦ 2 alleles segregated from one another ◦ each gamete carried a single copy of the gene In the F1 generation, each gamete had 1 copy of the green gene or one copy of the yellow gene. AKA Principle of Independent Assortment Common Human Dominant Traits Thinking Strategy #19 T-Shirt Design • Directions: Design artwork for a t-shirt representing Mendel’s Genetics 1) Front of shirt must have artwork showing the concept using 3 colors 2) Back of the shirt must have a 1-2 line cute or clever (but clean) saying. 3) A minimum of one paragraph (4-5 sentences) must be written to describe how the artwork and saying explain Mendel’s Genetics. Warm Up Thursday, January 10, 2013 What is the difference between a dominant trait and a recessive trait? Genetics #3: Probability, Punnett Squares, Monohybrid Crosses Objectives Define the term punnett square. 2. Predict the outcome of genetic crosses using punnett squares. 1. Genetics & Probability: Probability = likelihood that an event will occur Example: Coin toss ◦ 2 possibilities: head or tails ◦ probability of heads is 1 in 2 chance ◦ i.e. ½ or 50% chance Genetics & Probability: Example Problem: If you flip a coin 3 times in a row what are the chances that you will get heads every time? Answer: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Toss #1 have a 1 in 2 chance Same for Tosses #2 & #3 ½ x ½ x ½ = 1/8 1 in 8 chance of flipping heads 3 times in a row! Genetics & Probability: Principles of probability are used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses Punnett Squares = Diagram that shows the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross Homozygous vs Heterozygous Homozygous = 2 identical alleles (TT or tt) ◦ Considered true-breeding ◦ Latin Roots: Hom = same Heterozygous = 2 different alleles (Tt) ◦ Considered Hybrids ◦ Latin Roots: Hetero = other, different Set up a Punnett square (Monohybrid Square) 1. Set up a 2 by 2 Punnett square (monohybrid cross) Set up a Punnett square 2. Write the alleles for parent 1 on left side of Punnett square Each gamete will have 1 of the 2 parental alleles 1/2 of the gametes will have the dominant (T) allele 1/2 will have the recessive (t) allele Set up a Punnett square 3. Write the allele for parent 2 above the Punnett square This parent is heterozygous(Tt) ½ the gametes will have the dominant (T) allele 1/2 will have the recessive (t) allele Fill in a Punnett square 4. Fill in the squares for parent 1. Fill each square with the allele from Parent 1 that lines up with the row. T T t t Fill in a Punnett square 5. Fill in the square for parent 2. Fill each square with the allele from Parent 2 that lines up with the column. TT Tt Tt tt Genotypes that resulted from monohybrid cross (Tt x Tt) TT Tt tt Tt 25% 50% 25% homozygous heterozygous homozygous dominant dominant recessive Phenotypes that resulted from monohybrid cross (Tt x Tt) 75% Tall ◦ TT = homozygous dominant ◦ Tt = heterozygous dominant 25% Short ◦ tt = homozygous recessive Warm Up Friday, 1. 2. January 11, 2013 What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? Using the letter “A,” give an example of a genotype that is homozygous dominant? Warm Up Monday, January 14, 2013 1. List the genotypes and their percentages for the punnett square above. Human Genome Video Warm Up Tuesday, January 15, 2013 Complete the following monohybrid punnett square: Genetics #4: Punnett Squares & Dihybrid Crosses Objectives Define the term dihybrid cross. 2. Predict the outcome of independent assortment using a dihybrid cross. 1. Dihybrid Crosses = 2 factor cross for 2 different traits Example: ◦ Bb B = Brown Eyes b = Blue Eyes ◦ Ss S = Tall s = Short Heterozygous Dihybrid Crosses 9:3:3:1 results anytime you have 2 heterozygous adults Example ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 9 brown eye & tall 3 brown eye & short 3 blue eye & Tall 1 blue eye & short (recessive both traits) Warm Up Wednesday, January 16, 2013 What is the ratio that results from crossing two heterozygous parents in a dihybrid cross? Latin Roots Quiz Take everything off your desk except something to write with. Warm Up Thursday, 1. January 17, 2013 Write out the gametes for a guinea pig with the genotype AaBb. AaBb Genetics #5: Co-Dominance & Incomplete Dominance Objectives Define incomplete dominance. 2. Predict the outcomes of incomplete and codominance. 1. Summary of Mendel’s Principles: Inheritance of biological characteristics ◦ Determined by genes ◦ Passed from parents to offspring Adults have 2 copies of each gene ◦ 1 from each parent Genes usually segregate independently Beyond Dominance Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. ◦ Example: height Many traits controlled by multiple alleles or genes Mendel did not understand this complex relationships Incomplete Dominance = blending of parental traits Example: ◦ F1: red flower (RR) and white flower (rr) ◦ F2: pink (Rr) Codominance: = see both alleles in phenotype Heterozygous Neither dominant or recessive phenotype Hybrid trait Example: Roan Coat in Horses ◦ Red + White = Red & White Coat Codominance: Blood Types Blood Type A ◦ Option 1: IAIA ◦ Option 2: IAi Blood Type B ◦ Option 1: IBIB ◦ Option 2: IBi Blood Type AB ◦ Only Option: IAIB Blood Type O ◦ Only Option: ii Codominance: Blood Types Which blood types are Co-Dominant? ◦ Blood Types A & B (IAIB) Which blood type is recessive? ◦ Blood Type O (ii) Pedigrees = diagram that shows occurrence of particular genes within a family Shows inherited traits Shapes: ◦ Circle = Female ◦ Square = Male Multiple Alleles = 3 or more alleles code for a trait Example: ◦ Blood Types: IA IB i ◦ coat color of rabbits Polygenic traits = interactions of several genes at different loci Ex: height, skin color, weight Remember: Locus = location on chromosome Warm Up Friday, January 18, 2013 What are the four possible blood types for humans? Genetics Quiz Get out something to write with and keep your genetics notes out on your desk. Warm Up Tuesday, January 22, 2013 What would be the 4 female gametes from the following genotype: AABb? Blood Typing & Pedigrees Warm Up Wednesday, January 23, 2013 What is a pedigree? Define in words AND with a picture. Genetics Review Stations Warm Up Thursday, January 24, 2013 What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance? Gems of Wisdom: Genetics Warm Up Friday, January 25, 2013 Using the letters “B” and “R” (dihybrid cross), write a homozygous dominant genotype.