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1 Think about… 3.1 What is bioethics? 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Recall ‘Think about…’ Summary concept map 2 Following the successful cloning of Dolly the sheep and other mammals, humans could possibly be cloned. 3 This has started a debate about whether it is right or wrong to clone a whole person. There are different views on this issue. 4 1 Why do people disagree on cloning a What factors affect whole person their views on it 5 2 Do you support the cloning of a Why whole person 6 3.1 What is bioethics? Bioethics (生物倫理學) is the study of ethical issues and implications brought about by the advances in the areas of biological science and medicine. 7 3.1 What is bioethics? In favour human cloning Human cloning is a new form of human reproduction. It enables infertile couples like us to have children. 8 3.1 What is bioethics? In favour human cloning Our son died in an accident. A clone of our son may make up for our loss. 9 3.1 What is bioethics? human cloning Against It is irresponsible to clone humans when animal cloning has such a low success rate. 10 3.1 What is bioethics? human cloning Against A clone is neither the child nor the brother/sister of the nucleus donor. The identity of the clone is unclear. 11 3.1 What is bioethics? • values (價值觀) guide the way people make their decisions • values are affected by religion, culture and past experiences, etc. • one thing that benefits some people may not be beneficial to others 12 3.1 What is bioethics? Bioethics is the study of ethical issues and implications brought about by the advances in the areas of biological science and medicine. 13 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology ethical issues legal issues social issues economic issues environmental issues 14 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Genetically modified food • any food or food ingredient that comes from genetically modified organisms (GMOs) GM tomatoes with longer shelf life 15 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Genetically modified food 1 Safety issues • long-term effects on human health? • new genes or their products cause allergies? • transferral of antibiotic resistance genes produces ‘superbugs’? 16 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Genetically modified food 2 Ethical issues • is it playing God? • should vegetarians eat GM plants that contain animal genes? 17 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Genetically modified food 3 Social and economic issues • increases the dependence of food supply on developed countries and affects the living of farmers in developing countries 18 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Genetically modified food 4 Environmental issues • GMOs may replace the wild types, reduce biodiversity, or upset the ecological balance • produces ‘superweeds’ • speeds up the evolution of resistant population of pests 19 In 1994, genetically modified tomatoes hit the market in the US as the first commercially available genetically modified crop. GM tomatoes have since disappeared. Tomatoes were the first genetically modified foods to come on the market. Today, they are no longer cultivated. Puree made from GM tomatoes was once a success in Great Britain. The EU Member States, however, could not agree on approval. 20 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Cloning • lack of genetic variations 21 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Cloning 1 Ethical issues • low success rate death of embryos justified? % survival 100 implantation 50 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 day of pregnancy 22 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Cloning 2 Economic issues • worth investing the money? 23 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Cloning 3 Environmental issues • clones of endangered animals will still have no place to live spend money on habitat conservation instead? 24 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Cloning Human reproductive cloning • clones are ‘unnatural’ ‘sub-humans’? • relation of the clone with the nucleus donor and the donor’s family? • could the clone experience his/her own life? • cloning lowers the value of life? 25 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Cloning Human reproductive cloning Risk of abuse • what happens if rich people use the technology to produce servants? 26 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Cloning Human reproductive cloning Risk of abuse • what happens if Adolf Hitler clones himself? • what happens if someone allows only the ‘best’ people to be cloned? 27 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Human Genome Project 1 Ethical issues • diagnosis of a genetic disease before available treatment causes anxiety? Oh no. I’m sorry. There is no cure for the disease. 28 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Human Genome Project 2 Legal issues • who can own or gain access to personal genetic information? 29 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Human Genome Project 2 Legal issues • how can we prevent discrimination against people with particular genotypes and misuse of genetic information? This man has a high risk of developing a fatal genetic disease. 30 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Human Genome Project 2 Legal issues • how can we prevent discrimination against people with particular genotypes and misuse of genetic information? We’d better refuse his insurance application. 31 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Human Genome Project 2 Legal issues • can the presence of a certain gene be used as evidence to prove someone guilty or innocent? My client didn’t do it. His gene did it. 32 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Human Genome Project 3 Social issues • how is the public perception of an individual affected by his/her genetic information? Go! He has a gene related to violence. 33 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Human Genome Project 4 Economic issues • can the same benefits be obtained from less expensive alternatives? 34 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Gene therapy 1 Ethical issues • when should gene therapy be used? • acceptable for genetic enhancement? May I change my eye colour using gene therapy? 35 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Gene therapy 1 Ethical issues • when should gene therapy be used? • acceptable for genetic enhancement? • is it playing God? • causes unforeseeable harmful effects on future generations? 36 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Gene therapy 2 Legal issues • how can we obtain informed consent from seriously ill patients or embryos? • how can we prevent misuse of gene therapy to produce a ‘perfect’ human race? 37 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Gene therapy 3 Social issues • widens the social class gap? 4 Economic issues • right to invest a large sum of money for the benefit of a few patients? • any alternatives? 38 Ethical issues of gene therapy • Is it right to replace a 'defective' gene with a 'normal' one? • Is the answer the same for a gene which causes the bearer pain, as it is where the gene has a merely cosmetic effect? • Who decides what is 'defective' and what is 'normal'? A 'defective' gene may actually confer some other advantage, e.g. sickle cell gene. • Is there a danger that we shall in time reduce the variety so essential to evolution, by the progressive removal of unwanted genes or, by combining genes from different species? are we actually increasing variety and favouring evolution? • Where a gene probe detects a fatal abnormality, what criteria, if any, should be applied before deciding whether to carry out an abortion? 39 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Stem cell therapy 1 Ethical issues • human embryos are destroyed to obtain embryonic stem cells murder? 40 3.2 Some issues in biotechnology Stem cell therapy 2 Legal issues • how can we ensure that the technique would not be used in human reproductive cloning? 3 Social issues • the public become used to the destruction of human life? 41 1 Why do people disagree on cloning a whole person? What factors affect their views on it? Values guide the way people make their decision. Values are affected by religion, culture and past experiences, etc. 42 1 Why do people disagree on cloning a whole person? What factors affect their views on it? In addition, one thing that benefits some people may not be beneficial to others. Thus, people may disagree on cloning a whole person. 43 2 Do you support the cloning of a whole person? Why? Answers vary with students. 44 Bioethics study of ethical issues and implications brought about by the advances in the areas of biological science and medicine includes biotechnology 45 biotechnology raises ethical issues legal issues social issues economic issues environmental issues 46