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June 1, 2010 – “A” Day
 Objective: To investigate the interactions of organisms
with their environment.
 Do Now: What is the difference between a Food Chain
and a Food Web?
 Today
 Complete “Bacteria Everywhere” lab
 CW/HW: Read 6-3 Biodiversity pp. 150 to 156. define Key
Terms and answer questions 1-6 on p. 156
 3rd period – Go to the library for Cladogram WebQuest
 Animal Projects due TOMORROW – 20% off for each day
late
June 2, 2010 – “B” Day
 Objective: To investigate the interactions of organisms
with their environment.
 Do Now: What is an autotroph?
 Today
 Animal Projects due NOW – Turn in Packet up front NOW
 Poster presentations
 Announcements:
 Ecology Packets Due Tomorrow
 How to Read a Cladogram Due FRIDAY
 Biology Journals Due FRIDAY
June 4, 2010 – “D” Day
 Announcements:
 How to Read a Cladogram Due NOW
 Biology Journals Due NOW
 Did you turn in your Animal Research
Projects? Ecology Packets?
LOOK OVER MOCK FINALS AND FIGURE
OUT WHAT YOU NEED TO STUDY.
COMPLETE REVIEW PART 1 OF 2 BY NEXT
TUESDAY!
June 8, 2010 – “F” Day
 Today
 Any questions on review Part 1,
 Work on Review Part 2
 Begin in-class review
Books collected Tomorrow and
Thursday!
Academic Biology:
Final Exam Review
Quarter #1
Chapter 1: The Science of
Biology
 Biology – the study of the living world
 Scientific Method
 Step 1: Observation
 Step 2: Forming a Question
 Step 3: Form a Hypothesis (suggested answer
based on evidence)
 Step 4: Experiment & Compile Data (should only
test ONE variable
 Step 5: Analyze Data
 Step 6: Draw Conclusion & Retest as needed
Chapter 1: The Science of
Biology
 8 Characteristics of Living Things:
1. made up of cells (smallest unit of life)
2. reproduce (sexually or aesexually)
3. based on universal genetic code (DNA)
4. grow & develop
5. obtain & use materials/energy (metabolism)
6. respond to their environment (stimuli)
7. maintain stable internal environment
(homeostasis)
 8. change over time (evolution)
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Chapter 1: The Science of
Biology
 Tools for Observing Life:
 Compound Light Microscope – to observe small,
living samples
 Electron Microscope – higher magnification, but
can only observe dead, properly
preserved/prepared samples
Chapter 2: The Chemistry
of Life
 4 Main Organic (Carbon) Compounds:
 Carbohydrates
 Main source of energy
 Made up of monosaccharides (sugars)
 Proteins
 Control reaction rates, allow molecules in and
out of cells, fight disease, make up muscles
 Made up of amino acids
Chapter 2: The Chemistry
of Life
 4 Main Organic (Carbon) Compounds:
 Lipids
 Comprise membranes, energy storage,
insulation
 Made up of glycerol & fatty acids
 Nucleic Acids
 Store and transmit genetic information
 Made up of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate
group & nitrogenous base)
Chapter 2: The Chemistry
of Life
 Chemical Reactions – rearranging of atoms
to form new compounds
 Catalyst – speeds up the rate of chemical
reactions
 Enzymes – naturally occurring, biological
catalysts
 Can only be used to speed up ONE specific
reaction!!!
Chapter 15: Darwin’s
Theory of Evolution
 Evolution by Natural Selection – species
change over time
 1. Struggle for Existence
 2. Survival of the Fittest
 3. Natural Selection
 Evidence of Common Ancestry:
 Structural similarities (body parts), similar
genes, similar species in geographically
isolated areas
Chapter 15: Darwin’s
Theory of Evolution
 Punctuated Equilibrium – species
experience long, stable periods interrupted
by brief periods of rapid evolutionary
change
Quarter #2
Chapter 17: The History of
Life
 Fossil Record – collection of fossils over
time that illustrates ancestry commonalities
between species
 Early Earth conditions were not hospitable
to life:
 Bacteria – likely the FIRST life forms on
Earth
Chapter 7: Cell Structure &
Function
 In multicellular organisms, cells specialize
to perform different functions.
 Cell Theory:
 1. All living things are made of cells.
 2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
 3. All cells are produced by existing cells.
Chapter 7: Cell Structure &
Function
 Prokaryotic Cells – lack “true” nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles (bacteria)
 Eukaryotic Cells – contain a membrane-bound
nucleus as well as specialized organelles
 Plant Cell – square-ish; cell wall, large central
vacuole, chloroplasts & general organelles
 Animal Cell – round-ish; lysosomes, centrioles &
general organelles
Chapter 7: Cell Structure &
Function
 Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane:
 Phospholipids – main component
 Proteins channels and pumps – made from proteins; aid
materials in movement across cell membrane
 Carbohydrates – identify and signal to cells
 Cell Transport:
 Osmosis – movement of water from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration
 Diffusion – movement from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration
 Active Transport – movement from LOW to HIGH
concentration
Chapter 8: Photosynthesis
 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Occurs in the Chloroplast
 Thylakoid: membrane sacs; Chlorophyll (pigment)
found in membranes (reflects green light)
 Light-Dependent Reactions – produce energy
 Stroma: fluid surrounding thylakoid
 Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions) –
produce high-energy sugars
Chapter 9: Cellular
Respiration
 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
 Glycolysis – occurs in cytoplasm, net gain 2
ATP, anaerobic (no O2 needed), if O2 is present
followed by Kreb’s Cycle
 Kreb’s Cycle - occurs in matrix (inner cavity of
mitochondria), aerobic (O2 needed), net gain 0
ATP
 Electron Transport Chain – occurs in cristae
(mitochondria), aerobic (O2 needed), net gain
34 ATP
Chapter 9: Cellular
Respiration
 Fermentation
 Alcoholic Fermentation
 Lactic Acid Fermentation – causes muscle soreness
during excessive physical activity
 Sources of Energy:
 Stored ATP (energy is released as bonds are
broken and phosphate groups are removed from
ATP)
 Cellular Respiration
 Lactic Acid Fermentation
Quarter #3
Chapter 10: Cell Growth &
Division
 As a cell grows larger, its volume increases
faster than its surface area – it MUST divide in
order to avoid bursting!
 Interphase – stage of the Cell Cycle that occupies
MOST of a cell’s life
 G1 – Growth occurs, cell performs normal
function
 S – DNA is copied in preparation for mitosis
 G2 – organelles are copied in preparation for
mitosis
Chapter 10: Cell Growth &
Division
 Mitosis
 Prophase – nuclear envelope breaks down,
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
 Metaphase – chromosomes line up along middle
of the cell
 Anaphase – sister chromatids are pulled apart
 Telophase – formation of two new nuclei
 Cytokinesis –formal splitting of cell into two
new daughter cells
Chapter 10: Cell Growth &
Division
 Chromosomes – tightly wound chromatin forms
chromatids which are held together by a
centromere
 Normal cells become cancer when:
 Regulation of cell division is lost
 Cells do not respond normally to control
mechanisms
 Cells continue to divide without passing through
stage G1 of Interphase
Chapter 11: Introduction to
Genetics
 Genetics – scientific study of heredity
 Genotype – genetic makeup of individual
(alleles)
 Phenotype – physical expression of genotype
 Punnett Square – used to predict possible
genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
 Test Cross – used to determine the genotype of
an unknown person with the dominant
phenotype
Chapter 11: Introduction to
Genetics
 Types of Inheritance
 Dominant/Recessive – one allele is dominant
over the other, recessive, allele
 Incomplete Dominance – neither allele is
dominant; a heterozygous individual has a mixed
phenotype in between the two alleles
 Codominance – both alleles are dominant (Blood
Type AB); you “see” BOTH phenotypes
 Sex-Linked – trait located on the X chromosomes
(colorblindness, hemophilia)
Chapter 11: Introduction to
Genetics
 Dihybrid Cross – 9:3:3:1 Phenotypic Ratio
 Meiosis - reductive cell division that results in
the production of haploid, gamete (germ/sex)
cells
 Interphase
 Meiosis I – Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I,
Telophase I
 Crossing Over – (Metaphase I); chromosomes
exchange corresponding segments of DNA
 Meiosis II – Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase
II, Telophase II
Chapter 14: The Human
Genome
 Humans – 46 chromosomes
 XX – Female
 XY – Male
 Males determine the sex of offspring
because women can only pass down an X
chromosome, but men can pass down
either and X or a Y
Quarter #4
Chapter 12: DNA & RNA
 Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA) – made up of
monomers called nucleotides
 DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; double
helix, made of deoxyribose + phosphate
group + adenine/thymine/guanine/cytosine
 RNA – ribonucleic acid; single strand,
made up of ribose + phosphate group +
adenine/uracil/guanine/cytosine
Chapter 12: DNA & RNA
 Chargraff’s Rule – the % of [A] = [T] and [G] = [C]
 DNA Replication – makes 2 IDENTICAL strands
(each ½ new DNA and ½ old DNA); DNA
Helicase unzips the strands; DNA Polymerase
adds new nucleotides and proofreads the
daughter strand
 DNA Transcription – makes mRNA strand that
carries information for one gene; begins at region
called a promotor
Chapter 12: DNA & RNA
 Translation – produces polypeptide chain
(amino acids); occurs in ribosome; codons (3
base groupings) are “read” and tRNA transfers
and attaches the appropriate amino acids to the
chain
 Point Mutations – involves one (or a few
neighboring) nucleotides
 lac operon – controls the breakdown of lactose
Chapter 13: Genetic
Engineering
 Gene Technology – using science to alter or
replace genes present in living organisms
 Gel Electrophoresis – used to separate DNA
fragments by size
 Genetic Engineering – reading, editing, and
reinserting DNA sequences into living things
 Cloning – the joining of an egg cell with a
somatic (body) cell to create a genetic clone of an
organism
Chapter 18: Classification
 All organisms in Domains Bacteria and Archaea are
prokaryotes.
 All organisms in Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
and Animalia are eukaryotes.
 Cladogram – analysis of derived (inherited)
characteristics used to show common ancestry
 Binomial Nomenclature – two word naming system
derived from the genus and species of an organism
 Taxon – a level of organization within the 8 level
taxonomic system
Chapter 18: Classification
 Domain (Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species
Chapter 19: Bacteria &
Viruses
 Bacteria
 Shape: coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod), spirilla
(spiral)
 Roles in Environment: photosynthesis, recycling
nutrients, nitrogen fixation
 Human Uses: clean up oil spills, mine minerals,
synthesize drugs, breakdown wastes
 Pathogens – disease causing bacteria
 Diseases: tooth decay, tuberculosis, lyme disease,
infection
Chapter 19: Bacteria &
Viruses
 Viruses
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Non-living: can’t reproduce outside a host
Made up of proteins and nucleic acid
Diseases: herpes, flu, cold, HIV/AIDS
Bacteriophage – a virus that infects bacteria
Chapter 3: The Biosphere
 Ecology – the branch of Biology dealing with the
interactions among organisms and between
organisms and their environment
 Sun = source of almost ALL energy in the
ecosystem*
 Energy is transferred in the following way:
 Sun  Producers  Primary Consumers 
Secondary Consumers  Tertiary Consumers 
Decomposers (which break down dead matter)
 *Chemosynthetic Bacteria make their own food using chemicals
available and DO NOT get their energy from the sun!
Chapter 4: Ecosystems and
Communities
 Climate – the average year-to-year conditions of
temperature and precipitation in a particular
region
 Ecosystems are shaped by:
 Biotic Factors – living things (plants, animals,
insects, bacteria, etc.), and;
 Abiotic Factors – non-living things (temperature,
wind, precipitation, available nutrients)
Chapter 4: Ecosystems and
Communities
 Food Web – illustration of the feeding
relationships within an ecosystem
 Sunlight – energy source
 Producers – photosynthetic; obtain energy directly from
sun (plants, algae)
 Primary Consumers – herbivores; obtain energy by
eating producers (squirrels, rabbits)
 Secondary Consumers – carnivores; obtain energy by
eating primary consumers (large birds)
 Tertiary Consumers – omnivores; “top” of web
 ** Energy is lost at each trophic level in the form
of heat
Chapter 4: Ecosystems and
Communities
 Ecological Succession – series of predictable
changes that occurs in a community over time
 Community Interactions:
 Competition – organisms attempt to use the same
resources in the same places at the same time
 Symbiosis – two organisms live closely together ( can be
beneficial to one or both organisms)
 Predation – one organism captures and feeds off of
another organism
Chapter 6: Humans in the
Biosphere
 Human Activity has become the #1 MOST
important source of environmental change on
Earth.
 Habitat Destruction is the #1 GREATEST threat
to biological diversity.
 Sustainable Development – using renewable
resources while ensuring they are not depleted
 Integrated Pest Management – using nonchemical means of preventing and managing
insects and pests
Final Rooms
Biology
Biology
Biology
3
7/8
11
D24
D26
D27
If taking in a small group setting let Mrs. P know. You will go
to your study skills room! ESL will take with Mrs. Shiffert!