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June 1, 2010 – “A” Day Objective: To investigate the interactions of organisms with their environment. Do Now: What is the difference between a Food Chain and a Food Web? Today Complete “Bacteria Everywhere” lab CW/HW: Read 6-3 Biodiversity pp. 150 to 156. define Key Terms and answer questions 1-6 on p. 156 3rd period – Go to the library for Cladogram WebQuest Animal Projects due TOMORROW – 20% off for each day late June 2, 2010 – “B” Day Objective: To investigate the interactions of organisms with their environment. Do Now: What is an autotroph? Today Animal Projects due NOW – Turn in Packet up front NOW Poster presentations Announcements: Ecology Packets Due Tomorrow How to Read a Cladogram Due FRIDAY Biology Journals Due FRIDAY June 4, 2010 – “D” Day Announcements: How to Read a Cladogram Due NOW Biology Journals Due NOW Did you turn in your Animal Research Projects? Ecology Packets? LOOK OVER MOCK FINALS AND FIGURE OUT WHAT YOU NEED TO STUDY. COMPLETE REVIEW PART 1 OF 2 BY NEXT TUESDAY! June 8, 2010 – “F” Day Today Any questions on review Part 1, Work on Review Part 2 Begin in-class review Books collected Tomorrow and Thursday! Academic Biology: Final Exam Review Quarter #1 Chapter 1: The Science of Biology Biology – the study of the living world Scientific Method Step 1: Observation Step 2: Forming a Question Step 3: Form a Hypothesis (suggested answer based on evidence) Step 4: Experiment & Compile Data (should only test ONE variable Step 5: Analyze Data Step 6: Draw Conclusion & Retest as needed Chapter 1: The Science of Biology 8 Characteristics of Living Things: 1. made up of cells (smallest unit of life) 2. reproduce (sexually or aesexually) 3. based on universal genetic code (DNA) 4. grow & develop 5. obtain & use materials/energy (metabolism) 6. respond to their environment (stimuli) 7. maintain stable internal environment (homeostasis) 8. change over time (evolution) Chapter 1: The Science of Biology Tools for Observing Life: Compound Light Microscope – to observe small, living samples Electron Microscope – higher magnification, but can only observe dead, properly preserved/prepared samples Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life 4 Main Organic (Carbon) Compounds: Carbohydrates Main source of energy Made up of monosaccharides (sugars) Proteins Control reaction rates, allow molecules in and out of cells, fight disease, make up muscles Made up of amino acids Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life 4 Main Organic (Carbon) Compounds: Lipids Comprise membranes, energy storage, insulation Made up of glycerol & fatty acids Nucleic Acids Store and transmit genetic information Made up of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate group & nitrogenous base) Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life Chemical Reactions – rearranging of atoms to form new compounds Catalyst – speeds up the rate of chemical reactions Enzymes – naturally occurring, biological catalysts Can only be used to speed up ONE specific reaction!!! Chapter 15: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Evolution by Natural Selection – species change over time 1. Struggle for Existence 2. Survival of the Fittest 3. Natural Selection Evidence of Common Ancestry: Structural similarities (body parts), similar genes, similar species in geographically isolated areas Chapter 15: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Punctuated Equilibrium – species experience long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of rapid evolutionary change Quarter #2 Chapter 17: The History of Life Fossil Record – collection of fossils over time that illustrates ancestry commonalities between species Early Earth conditions were not hospitable to life: Bacteria – likely the FIRST life forms on Earth Chapter 7: Cell Structure & Function In multicellular organisms, cells specialize to perform different functions. Cell Theory: 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of life. 3. All cells are produced by existing cells. Chapter 7: Cell Structure & Function Prokaryotic Cells – lack “true” nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (bacteria) Eukaryotic Cells – contain a membrane-bound nucleus as well as specialized organelles Plant Cell – square-ish; cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts & general organelles Animal Cell – round-ish; lysosomes, centrioles & general organelles Chapter 7: Cell Structure & Function Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane: Phospholipids – main component Proteins channels and pumps – made from proteins; aid materials in movement across cell membrane Carbohydrates – identify and signal to cells Cell Transport: Osmosis – movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Diffusion – movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Active Transport – movement from LOW to HIGH concentration Chapter 8: Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2 Occurs in the Chloroplast Thylakoid: membrane sacs; Chlorophyll (pigment) found in membranes (reflects green light) Light-Dependent Reactions – produce energy Stroma: fluid surrounding thylakoid Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions) – produce high-energy sugars Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Glycolysis – occurs in cytoplasm, net gain 2 ATP, anaerobic (no O2 needed), if O2 is present followed by Kreb’s Cycle Kreb’s Cycle - occurs in matrix (inner cavity of mitochondria), aerobic (O2 needed), net gain 0 ATP Electron Transport Chain – occurs in cristae (mitochondria), aerobic (O2 needed), net gain 34 ATP Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation – causes muscle soreness during excessive physical activity Sources of Energy: Stored ATP (energy is released as bonds are broken and phosphate groups are removed from ATP) Cellular Respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation Quarter #3 Chapter 10: Cell Growth & Division As a cell grows larger, its volume increases faster than its surface area – it MUST divide in order to avoid bursting! Interphase – stage of the Cell Cycle that occupies MOST of a cell’s life G1 – Growth occurs, cell performs normal function S – DNA is copied in preparation for mitosis G2 – organelles are copied in preparation for mitosis Chapter 10: Cell Growth & Division Mitosis Prophase – nuclear envelope breaks down, chromatin condenses into chromosomes Metaphase – chromosomes line up along middle of the cell Anaphase – sister chromatids are pulled apart Telophase – formation of two new nuclei Cytokinesis –formal splitting of cell into two new daughter cells Chapter 10: Cell Growth & Division Chromosomes – tightly wound chromatin forms chromatids which are held together by a centromere Normal cells become cancer when: Regulation of cell division is lost Cells do not respond normally to control mechanisms Cells continue to divide without passing through stage G1 of Interphase Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics Genetics – scientific study of heredity Genotype – genetic makeup of individual (alleles) Phenotype – physical expression of genotype Punnett Square – used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring Test Cross – used to determine the genotype of an unknown person with the dominant phenotype Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics Types of Inheritance Dominant/Recessive – one allele is dominant over the other, recessive, allele Incomplete Dominance – neither allele is dominant; a heterozygous individual has a mixed phenotype in between the two alleles Codominance – both alleles are dominant (Blood Type AB); you “see” BOTH phenotypes Sex-Linked – trait located on the X chromosomes (colorblindness, hemophilia) Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics Dihybrid Cross – 9:3:3:1 Phenotypic Ratio Meiosis - reductive cell division that results in the production of haploid, gamete (germ/sex) cells Interphase Meiosis I – Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I Crossing Over – (Metaphase I); chromosomes exchange corresponding segments of DNA Meiosis II – Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II Chapter 14: The Human Genome Humans – 46 chromosomes XX – Female XY – Male Males determine the sex of offspring because women can only pass down an X chromosome, but men can pass down either and X or a Y Quarter #4 Chapter 12: DNA & RNA Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA) – made up of monomers called nucleotides DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; double helix, made of deoxyribose + phosphate group + adenine/thymine/guanine/cytosine RNA – ribonucleic acid; single strand, made up of ribose + phosphate group + adenine/uracil/guanine/cytosine Chapter 12: DNA & RNA Chargraff’s Rule – the % of [A] = [T] and [G] = [C] DNA Replication – makes 2 IDENTICAL strands (each ½ new DNA and ½ old DNA); DNA Helicase unzips the strands; DNA Polymerase adds new nucleotides and proofreads the daughter strand DNA Transcription – makes mRNA strand that carries information for one gene; begins at region called a promotor Chapter 12: DNA & RNA Translation – produces polypeptide chain (amino acids); occurs in ribosome; codons (3 base groupings) are “read” and tRNA transfers and attaches the appropriate amino acids to the chain Point Mutations – involves one (or a few neighboring) nucleotides lac operon – controls the breakdown of lactose Chapter 13: Genetic Engineering Gene Technology – using science to alter or replace genes present in living organisms Gel Electrophoresis – used to separate DNA fragments by size Genetic Engineering – reading, editing, and reinserting DNA sequences into living things Cloning – the joining of an egg cell with a somatic (body) cell to create a genetic clone of an organism Chapter 18: Classification All organisms in Domains Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes. All organisms in Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are eukaryotes. Cladogram – analysis of derived (inherited) characteristics used to show common ancestry Binomial Nomenclature – two word naming system derived from the genus and species of an organism Taxon – a level of organization within the 8 level taxonomic system Chapter 18: Classification Domain (Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Chapter 19: Bacteria & Viruses Bacteria Shape: coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod), spirilla (spiral) Roles in Environment: photosynthesis, recycling nutrients, nitrogen fixation Human Uses: clean up oil spills, mine minerals, synthesize drugs, breakdown wastes Pathogens – disease causing bacteria Diseases: tooth decay, tuberculosis, lyme disease, infection Chapter 19: Bacteria & Viruses Viruses Non-living: can’t reproduce outside a host Made up of proteins and nucleic acid Diseases: herpes, flu, cold, HIV/AIDS Bacteriophage – a virus that infects bacteria Chapter 3: The Biosphere Ecology – the branch of Biology dealing with the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment Sun = source of almost ALL energy in the ecosystem* Energy is transferred in the following way: Sun Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Decomposers (which break down dead matter) *Chemosynthetic Bacteria make their own food using chemicals available and DO NOT get their energy from the sun! Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Communities Climate – the average year-to-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region Ecosystems are shaped by: Biotic Factors – living things (plants, animals, insects, bacteria, etc.), and; Abiotic Factors – non-living things (temperature, wind, precipitation, available nutrients) Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Communities Food Web – illustration of the feeding relationships within an ecosystem Sunlight – energy source Producers – photosynthetic; obtain energy directly from sun (plants, algae) Primary Consumers – herbivores; obtain energy by eating producers (squirrels, rabbits) Secondary Consumers – carnivores; obtain energy by eating primary consumers (large birds) Tertiary Consumers – omnivores; “top” of web ** Energy is lost at each trophic level in the form of heat Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Communities Ecological Succession – series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time Community Interactions: Competition – organisms attempt to use the same resources in the same places at the same time Symbiosis – two organisms live closely together ( can be beneficial to one or both organisms) Predation – one organism captures and feeds off of another organism Chapter 6: Humans in the Biosphere Human Activity has become the #1 MOST important source of environmental change on Earth. Habitat Destruction is the #1 GREATEST threat to biological diversity. Sustainable Development – using renewable resources while ensuring they are not depleted Integrated Pest Management – using nonchemical means of preventing and managing insects and pests Final Rooms Biology Biology Biology 3 7/8 11 D24 D26 D27 If taking in a small group setting let Mrs. P know. You will go to your study skills room! ESL will take with Mrs. Shiffert!