Download Gene Technology - Byron Senior High School

Gene
Technology
Gene Technology
Why is it important for you to know about
gene technology?
– It’s your future - the world you
will be growing up in, the world
you will be taking over for future
generations
– To prevent and treat genetic
diseases, to improve medicines
and food supply…………
Genetic Engineering
• Moving genes from one organism to another
– Making human proteins in bacteria
(insulin, clotting factor for hemophilia)
– Improving medicines – antibiotics,
vaccines
– Genes placed in crop plants to make
them more resistant to pests,
produce more
– Genes put in farm animals to make
them bigger, leaner
– Replacing defective genes in
humans with a copy that works
(gene therapy)
– Forensics – criminal investigations
Genetic Techniques
• Manipulating DNA
– Cutting and joining
– PCR Amplification
– Cloning
– DNA fingerprinting
– Sequencing
• Using bacteria and other cell cultures to
make more DNA of our choice
Genetic Techniques
Cutting up DNA
1. DNA can be cut into very
specific lengths
2. DNA pieces can be separated
out and sorted by length using
method called GEL
ELECTROPHORESIS
3. Different DNA makes different
patterns that can be compared
to other DNA samples
Gel Electrophoresis
DNA is sorted by the size of the pieces
Large
Small
PCR Amplification
• The human genome has 3.2 billion base
pairs
• We can pick out one small area of interest
and amplify (make lots of copies of) that
area to work with
• Advantage: needs a very, very small
amount of original sample
PCR Amplification
• Application
– Forensics (identify criminals, victims)
– Genetic testing (identify family members,
hereditable diseases)
• Example: OJ Simpson murder case
DNA Fingerprinting
•
Provides a profile
of an individual's
genes
•
Can use this
information to
estimate how
closely related
individuals are
DNA
Fingerprinting
DNA
Fingerprinting
• Match the profile of
the evidence
(sperm sample
DNA) to the DNA
sample of the
defendant
Sequencing
• Determining the order of the DNA bases
– identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000
genes in human DNA
– store this information in databases
– completed in 2003, 2 years ahead of time
Human Genome Project
• Goals
– identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human
DNA
– store this information in databases
– completed in 2003, 2 years ahead of time
• Benefits
• Ethical issues
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5278779357554464392&q=human+g
enome+project&hl=en
Cloning
• Making a genetically identical organism from a
parent cell
• “Xerox” copy
• Dolly the lamb
– Nucleus removed from egg
– Replaced with nucleus from
adult cell
• Ethical issues
– “playing God”
– Human cloning
– Genetically superior individuals
Gene Therapy
• For genetic diseases caused by a missing
or defective gene
– Take cells out of the patient’s body (blood
cells, other body cells)
– Insert a good copy of the gene into those cells
– Put them back into the patient’s body