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Genetic Engineering
Chapter 13
Selective breeding
Allowing animals with certain traits to
breed to produce a desired offspring.
 Examples:

Luther Burbank (1849-1926)


American botanist
who developed the
disease resistant
Burbank potato
Used process of
hybridization :
crossing dissimilar
organisms to get best
of both qualities.
Inbreeding
The controlled breeding of closely related
organisms.
 Positive effects: controlled traits and
characteristics. Pure bred dogs
 Negative effects: excessive inbreeding can
produce unwanted effects because of lack of
variation. Blindness in German shepherds

Increasing variation
Use
radiation or
chemicals
Can produce new strains
of bacteria and new
plants.
Polyploidy


Having a multiple of
the normal
chromosome number.
Example: regular
chromosome number
is 9. Polyploidy
condition could be 18,
27, 36, etc.
DNA manipulation
1.
2.
3.
Cutting DNA
Copying DNA
Changing DNA
DNA Extraction



Where is the DNA
located in a cell?
-the nucleus
First must break apart
the cell membrane and
nucleus to get at the
DNA
Cutting DNA
 Usually
use a
restriction
enzyme : a
chemical used to
cut out a specific
segment of DNA.
Gel Electrophoresis

Placing a mixture of
DNA into a gel and
applying an electric
current. DNA is then
separated according to
size.
Reading the DNA

Using a computer, fluorescent dyes, and
samples of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and
thymine.
Cutting and Pasting

Use DNA synthesizers to make recombinant
DNA (DNA from two different organisms
spliced together)
Making copies
 PCR
polymerase.
 Used to make
multiple copies
of a segment of
DNA or gene.
 Developed by
Kary Mullis
Transformation
 When
a cell (usually a bacterium)
takes in DNA from outside the cell.
 Example: Griffith’s rats
Plasmids

1.
2.
A small circular
molecule of DNA
It often has a DNA
sequence that serves
as an origin of
replication.
Contain genetic
markers.
Transgenic organisms


When an organism
contains genes from
other organisms.
Example:
 A tobacco plant that
containd DNA from
a firefly.
Biotechnology

A “new” field of biology that utilizes
genetic engineering to produce new
substances in the fields of health and
industry.
Transgenic animals


Livestock can grow
faster, better quality of
meat, resistant to
disease.
Cows that produce
human proteins in
their milk.
Transgenic plants



Usually cash crops
such as cotton, corn,
wheat, soybeans, etc.
Often incorporates
bacterial DNA to
make the crop resistant
to disease, pests, or
chemicals.
Ex: Bt corn
Cloning


Clone: a member of a
population of
genetically identical
cells produced from a
single cell.
1997: first mammal
cloned. Dolly, the
sheep.
How do you make a clone?
Is cloning a good thing or a bad
thing?

Cloning articles
Assignment:
Page 337-338
 1-10, 13, 16, 17, 22, 23, 32
