Download Genetic Engineering - Somers Public Schools

Genetic Engineering
What is genetic
engineering?
• Genetic engineering,
genetic modification (GM),
and the now-deprecated
gene splicing are terms for
the process of manipulating
genes, usually outside the
organism's normal
reproductive process.
What is genetic engineering
Cont…
• It often involves the isolation, manipulation and
reintroduction of DNA into cells or model organisms,
usually to express a protein.
• The aim is to introduce new characteristics such as
making a crop resistant to a herbicide, introducing a
novel trait, or producing a new protein or enzyme.
• Examples include the production of human insulin
through the use of modified bacteria, the production
of erythropoietin in Chinese Hamster ovary cells, and
the production of new types of experimental mice
such as the OncoMouse (cancer mouse) for
research, through genetic redesign.
Types of Genetic
Engineering
• Recombinant DNA- Recombinant DNA is
the general name for taking a piece of
one DNA, and combining it with
another strand of DNA.
Ways to recombine DNA.
• A). Transformation- cut a piece of DNA with a
restriction enzyme and then ligate the DNA
insert into the vector with DNA Ligase. Allow the
bacteria to reproduce with the new DNA. The
protein that is made is extracted to be used for
diseases like insulin for diabetes.
• B). Non-Bacterial Transformation-the DNA is
injected directly into the nucleus of the cell being
transformed not a bacterial cell.
• C). Phage Introduction- a bacterial virus is used
to insert DNA into a particular cell.
• Recombinant DNA • http://webapps.css.udel.edu/biotech/rDN
A.html
• Bacteriophage • http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/trun
/animations.htm
Animation
Cloning
• Reproductive cloning is a technology used to
generate an animal that has the same nuclear
DNA as another currently or previously existing
animal.
• http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/clo
ning101.html
• http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/swf/int
_dogcloning.swf
• Stem cells:
http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/ste
mcells.html
Other Examples
• Phytoremediation- Using plants to clean
up water, soil & air pollution.
• Bioremediation-Using microorganisms to
clean up pollution
• Transgenic organisms-These types of
hybrid organisms can be created by
genetic engineering.
• http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072919345/student_view0
/chapter16/elearning.html#
Another one..
• Gene therapy- Inserting genes into cells to treat or
cure diseases
• ･A normal gene may be inserted into a
nonspecific location within the genome to
replace a nonfunctional gene.
• ･An abnormal gene could be swapped for a
normal gene
• ･The abnormal gene could be repaired through
selective reverse mutation, which returns the
gene to its normal function.
• ･The regulation (the degree to which a gene is
turned on or off) of a particular gene could be
altered.
• http://www.edu365.cat/aulanet/comsoc/Lab_
bio/simulacions/GeneTherapy/GeneTherapy.
htm