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Transcript
Is Phosphorylation of Calretinin a Mechanism for Ca2+ Regulation at Synapses? Erika Marulanda O’Day Lab SPUR 2005 Neuronal Connections •Neuron receives stimulus •Action Potential: Voltagegated channels allow Ca2+ into the cell. •Neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft & bind to receptors on post-synaptic cell •Cell needs only a small amount of Ca 2+ to signal transmitter release Calretinin plays a role in regulating the amount of Ca2+ in pre-synaptic cell. • Ca2+ binding protein present in the neurons of most vertebrates • Functions as a Ca2+ buffer • 6 EF hands but only four or five of appear to be functional and suitable for Ca2+ binding/buffering • The EF-hand Ca2+ binding site consists of an α-helix, a loop, and another αhelix EF Hands • The Ca2+ ion binds to the loop connecting the two helices. • In this loop, there are amino acid residues with negatively charged oxygen atoms, which attract the positively charged calcium ion • When Ca2+ enters the cell Calretinin binds about 99% of it. • Calretinin releases Ca2+ after diffusing away to areas of low Ca2+. The Big Question: How is binding regulated? Ca2+ binding by Calretinin is regulated by phosphorylation • Phosphorylation is addition of a phosphate group • Molecular “on- off” switch • Alter shape and function • changes how the protein interacts with other proteins or signal molecules, such as Ca2+ Insert picture of protein phosphorylation diagram scheme The Experiment • Goal: to determine if Calretinin is phosphorylated. This could be a mechanism for regulating Ca2+ binding by Calretinin • Animal model: Zebrafish – Calretinin is found in zebrafish retina – Retina is organ that • Protocol – Immunoprecipitation – Incubation in radioactive orthophosphate – Western Blot http://webvision.umh.es/webvision/sr etina.html Phosphorylation Sites – 5 potential sites for phosphorylation – 2 of the sites are located within an EF hand – Phosphorylation may change the conformation of the EF hands of Calretinin – this may cause a change in the Ca 2+ binding sites, & thus, be a means of regulation. Experimental Design: Incubation and Purification • Control: No retina, no calretinin • Incubate retina in orthophosphate: Use of radioactivity provides a way to visualize phosphorylation • Homogenize the retina • Purify Calretinin using Immunoprecipitation – Staph A beads bind to calretinin – Polyclonal Calretinin antibody binds to beads – All other proteins remain in solution Calretinin Beads Experimental Design: Visualize Radioactivity • • • • Run purified Calretinin (and control) on gel Transfer protein from gel to membrane Expose to x-ray film and develop Any band with radioactivity is visible on film. But how will you know if visible band is Calretinin? Experimental Design: Western Blot • Antibodies bind to proteins very specifically • 10 Ab: mouse anti-CR will bind to Calretinin • 20 Ab: goat-anti-mouse will bind to 10 Ab • Use chemiluminscence to detect 20 Ab. • Develop x-ray film • Only band with Calretinin should be labeled. http://probes.invitrogen.com/handbo ok/images/g001474.gif Compare films to see if Calretinin is in the same place Results • The Control Lane had no Calretinin but there was significant labeling • Possible interference • Cannot be sure that labeled band in protein lane indeed contains calretinin What could be the source of Interference? Possible Source of Interference o A polyclonal Ab was used in purifying calretinin o The polyclonal Ab was present in protein and noprotein lanes o It always travels to same location, and this location may be where calretinin is located. o The secondary Ab used in the western blot may be binding to the polyclonal Ab as well as to the 1o Ab. o The labeling occurs in the same spot that calretinin would be labeled. Conclusions • Goal: to determine if Calretinin is phosphorylated. This could be a mechanism for regulating Ca2+ binding by Calretinin • Results: Incomplete: we have not yet determined calretinin labeling in westerns. • The polyclonal Ab used to purify calretinin caused interference in the western blot. • Determining whether CR phosphorylation is a mechanism for regulating its Ca2+ binding will require: first labeling CR unambiguously; and second determining by autoradiography whether CR is phosphorylated under a variety of conditions. The present work represents a contribution to investigating the larger question. Further Experiments • Need a strategy to eliminate the polyclonal Antibody signal interference. • Possibility: Use a different secondary antibody in Western blot. In experiments after I left, a secondary antibody was used successfully which labels only native IgG’s. Acknowldgements • • • • • • • Peter O’Day Laura Barth Bill Roberts UO SPUR program Sierra Williams & Amy Schilling Alice Barkan lab LingYa Liao