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On the origin of the genetic code Eörs Szathmáry Collegium Budapest Eötvös University The structure of the genetic code Variants of the common code Amino acid biosynthesis in E. coli Coevolution chart • Precursor-product pairs in biosynthesis • Dashed boxes are hypothetical intermediate stages • Italicised codons do not match coevolution predictions Constraints on codon reshuffling for statistical investigations 3 ways of code evolution Forces may have changed in strength Cofactor use by aptamers From RNA to protein • Gradual lose of scaffold • Amino acids to peptides to proteins • Not very well worked out Piecewise evolution of tRNA Proteins from pieces Superfolds Some more proteins Ribosomal proteins cannot fold by themselves Tryptophan-binding aptamers The smallest typtophan binder • The anticodon is CCA • 13 fully conserved nucleotides (26 bits of information) • Selective among hydrophobic changes An interesting idea? • First two bases of a codon implied in synthesis of amino acids originating from the reductive citric acid cycle