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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms: building block of life • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures – straight chain – branched chain – ring 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. – Monomers are the individual subunits. – Polymers, large molecules or macromolecules, are made of many monomers 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and include sugars and starches 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. – Monomer is called a monosaccharide or simple sugar: glucose – Disaccharide is TWO monosaccharide: sucrose – Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Function: Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Function: Some are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) monomer Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Lipids are nonpolar molecules made of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen & include fats, oils, and cholesterol. – Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. – Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Triglyceride 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Lipids have several different functions. – broken down as a source of energy – make up structure of cell membranes – used to make hormones 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. – Saturated: maximum # of H possible in the chain; solid animal fats like butter & in meat – Unsaturated: NOT saturated with H; liquid oils like plant oils (olive, peanut, corn, etc.) 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. – Polar phosphate “head” – Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” • Cholesterol is a lipid with a ring structure. – A certain amount of cholesterol is necessary for life – Hormones: Control stress (e.g. cortisol) and sexual development (e.g. testosterone & estrogen) Phospholipid 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers and are the most varied of the carbon-based molecules. – contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes, sulfur. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. – Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. The body can make 12; others come from foods like meat, beans & nuts. – Amino acids have similar structure: an amine group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH) but differ in side groups, or R groups. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. – Amino acids form covalent bonds, called peptide bonds, between C-N – Amino acids are linked into chains called polypeptides – A protein is one or more polypeptides 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. – Amino acids interact to give a protein its specific shape (structure) and, therefore, function (job) Hemoglo bin hydrogen bond – Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • A protein can have just about any function, depending on its structure – Contractile proteins actin and myosin function in muscle movement – Hemoglobin is a protein, globin, bonded to a pigment, heme, which binds & transports oxygen in the body – Skin, hair & nails contain the protein keratin which provides structure, strength & water-proofing – Enzymes are protein catalysts for chemical reactions in all living things 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides composed of C, H, O, N and phosphorus (P). 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Nucleic acids contain the instructions or code to build proteins. – Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Two basic types of nucleic acids – DNA stores genetic information – Basis for genes & heredity DNA – Several kinds of RNA RNA molecules build proteins based on the DNA code