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Transcript
Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key vocabulary terms you need to know. Macromolecule Polymer Monomer Oooooh, BIG SCARY Science word! What do these words mean? So What Is A Macromolecule ? LARGE molecules Next Word….. Polygons Polyester Polygamy MANY What does “Mono” mean? Definitions Macromolecule: a very large organic molecule Polymer: a large molecule made of long chains of repeating subunits. Monomer: the individual component of a polymer Macromolecules • • • • 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates WHAT ARE THEY? They are molecules that are used by living organisms as a source of energy. Composed of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen #1. CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Cellulose Chitin 1. Monosaccharides • simple sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose 2. Disaccharides (Di means 2) - two monosaccharides bonded together. ex. maltose = glucose + glucose lactose = glucose + galactose sucrose = glucose + fructose 3. Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates aka: starches) - polysaccharide chains (called polymers) may contain hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked together. Function of Monosaccarides and disaccharides Provide quick energy Polysaccharides Examples a) glycogen – made & stored by liver cells - can be broken down when needed b) cellulose – material that plant cell walls are made of. Animals cannot break this down. c) starch – made & stored by plants during photosynthesis d) Chitin Hard exterior skeletons of insects and crustaceans Function: • Store energy • Tough composition in cell wall • Tough exterior of insect Lipids WHAT ARE THEY? Major energy storage molecules Composed of carbon, oxygen & hydrogen #2. LIPIDS Oils Fats (Saturated & Unsaturated) Waxes Phospholipids Steroids Function: • Store energy • Make up the cell membrane • Act as a Chemical messenger Proteins WHAT ARE THEY? They are unbranched polymers of amino acids that link up to create a number of things Ex: hair, skin, feathers, blood clots, ect. What are Amino Acids? They are like the building blocks that make up protein. There are 20 different ‘blocks’ Structure Unbranched amino acids There are 20 different types of amino acids 8 are essential (humans have to obtain them from food) Peptide Bond Linkage that forms between amino acid subunits Polypeptide Small chain of amino acids Protein synthesis Cells make proteins by joining amino acids Same sequence of amino acids = same shape Enzymes Protein that speeds up a chemical reaction (CATALYST) Eg. amylase helps us digest carbs Protein that acts as a messenger (ex: insulin) Protein that supports bones/cartilage/tendons (Ex: Collagen) Denaturation High temps may cause protein to change shape eg. heat can denature proteins in hair so people can temporarily curl or straighten hair Nucleic Acids Nitrogenous Bases 4 types: 1. adenine (A) 2. guanine (G) 3. thymine (T) 4. cytosine (C) Types of Nucleic Acids Holds double helix together 1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Double helix structure Function - Contains genetic code and info about proteins 2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) Single chain Functions Used as a messenger of genetic info Form part of ribosome structure