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Transcript
The Chemistry of Life Anatomy and Physiology Hierarchy of Structures (Ex.)Rattlebox Moth • Organ – Ex. flight muscle • Tissues – Ex. muscle tissue • Cell – Ex. muscle cell • Organelles – Ex. myofibril • Molecules – Ex. actin and myosin So, what elements make up the molecules of life? The Star of the Show Why Study Carbon? • All of life is built on carbon • Cells – ~72% H2O – ~25% carbon compounds • • • • carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids – ~3% salts and trace elements • Na, Cl, K… Chemistry of Life • Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds • Carbon atoms are versatile building blocks – Forms 4 stable covalent bonds – Can form large ring, chain, or branching chain structures. – Can form double and triple bonds between two carbons H H C H H Valence electrons – are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. Valence – refers to the number of covalent bonds an atom of an element can form: C is 4 H is 1 O is 2 Ex. H2O, CH4, C2H2, C2H4 N is 3 4 types of Macromolecules and our body gets them/builds them from food and water • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids Macromolecules compounds of life Macro- means very, very LARGE • carbon framework (organic) • they are polymers made of repeating subunits called monomers. – – – – poly means many meros means part mono means single So what do the words polymer, monomer, and macromolecule mean? – Like “pearls on a necklace” Carbohydrates are polysacharrides These are all SUGARS • Monomers (subunits) – Simple sugars a.k.a monosaccharides FUNCTIONS 1) quick energy a) starch in plants b) glycogen in animals 2) structures such as Glucose – simple sugar made by plants 1) cellulose (plant cell walls) during photosynthesis 2) chitin (exoskeleton of insects) CH2OH Simple & complex sugars H • Monosaccharides – simple 1 monomer sugars – glucose • Disaccharides – 2 monomers – sucrose • Polysaccharides – large polymers – starch O H OH H H OH HO Glucose H OH Some Carbohydrates (polymer “necklaces” made of monomer glucose “pearls”) Proteins • Monomer subunits – Amino acids – There are 20+ Here are a few of many, many functions: 1) Peptide Hormones regulate homeostasis ex. Insulin 2) Structures ex. bone, hair, muscle, horns, webs 3) Enzymes – catalysts for biochemical reactions. (lowers energy needed for reactions to start) 4) Genetic regulation (turns genes on and off) 5) Transport ex. hemoglobin in rbc carries O2 • Structure Proteins – monomer = amino acids • 20 different amino acids – polymer = polypeptide • protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded & bonded together • large & complex 3D molecules hemoglobin growth hormones Nucleic Acids the information molecules • Monomer subunits – Nucleotides • Function Carries information • Heredity • Genes provide directions to make proteins Examples DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid RNA = ribonucleic acid Nucleotides have three parts: a phosphate, sugar, and a base (A, G, C, T, or U) Nucleic Acids • Function: – genetic material • stores information – genes – blueprint for building proteins » DNA RNA proteins • transfers information DNA – blueprint for new cells – blueprint for next generation proteins Lipids • Lipids are composed of C, H, O – long hydrocarbon chains (H-C) • “Family groups” – fats – phospholipids – Steroids • Do not form polymers – big molecules made of smaller subunits – not a continuing chain Lipids - all have hydrophobic properties “water fearing” Functions / examples: 1) Fats STORE energy (these have “long-tail” fatty acids) 2) Steroids for hormonal regulation Ex. estrogen and testosterone 3) Structures Ex. phospholipids make up the cell membrane Ex. waxes for waterproofing - such as (a) cuticle on leaves (b) earwax Saturated Fats • All C bonded to H • No C=C double bonds – long, straight chain – most animal fats – solid at room temp. • contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits Unsaturated Fats • C=C double bonds in the fatty acids – plant & fish fats – vegetable oils – liquid at room temperature • the kinks made by double bonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together mono-unsaturated? poly-unsaturated? saturated vs. unsaturated saturated unsaturated Phospholipids make up the cell membrane Phospholipids make up the cell membrane • Hydrophilic heads “attracted” to H2O - they will “flip” outward • Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2O - they will flip inward Water (outside the cell) bilayer Water (inside the cell) Another lipid: Steroids • Structure: – 4 fused C rings + ?? • different steroids created by attaching different functional groups to rings • different structure creates different function – examples: cholesterol, sex hormones cholesterol MATCHING Which group A represents 1) carbohydrates? 2) nucleic acids? 3) proteins? B 4) lipids? C D