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Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration CP Biology Powerpoint We run like cars • Gasoline is to a car what food is to animals • Mitochondria (the engines of our cells) – sugar is burned for fuel – the exhaust is CO2 and H2O • In a car that burned fuel perfectly, the only exhaust should theoretically be CO2 and H2O. The Point of Cellular Respiration • to harvest electrons from the food we eat and use that energy to make ATP. • ATP is broken down at a slow rate when needed & provides energy for most of the immediate work that the cell does. What is a calorie? • Energy is released when chemical bonds in food molecules are broken. • Energy is measured in a unit called a calorie. • Definition: the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. General Equation for Cellular Respiration In symbols: C6H12O6 + 6O2 -- 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36 ATP In words: Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + ENERGY Types of cellular respiration: • There are two basic types of cellular respiration: • 1. Aerobic cellular respiration (with oxygen) & • 2. Anaerobic cellular respiration (w/o oxygen). Steps of Aerobic Respiration • Step 1: Glycolysis (in cytoplasm/cytosol) • Step 2: Kreb’s Cycle (in matrix of mito.) • Step 3: Electron Transport System/Chain (in inner membrane of mito.) Use this diagram to complete #11 on the 9.1 worksheet Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 • The whole process of Respiration starts with the intake of energy (food)! Three energy storage molecules involved in respiration 1. : has two high energy bonds 2. NAD+: like a 2 passenger car that holds electrons. NAD+ •When the NAD+ is NADH holding 2 electrons its called NADH. 3. FAD+: Is like NAD+, it carries 2 H electrons becoming FADH2 Lets begin with the whole process! Intake of food “glucose” Glycolysis begins……> • Step 1: Glucose is converted into fructose diphosphate (6c) by adding a phosphate from the breakdown of 2 ATPs. H+ e- H+ e- • Step 2: Two (3c) molecules of PGAL are formed via oxidation. (losing 2 H ions, 2 high energy electrons from the fructose diphosphate). • Step 3: Two NAD+ molecules accept the 2 high energy electrons and hydrogens making NADH. • Step 4: Two phosphates are removed from each PGAL creating two molecules of pyruvic acid. • Each phosphate (4) is used to make ATP (4). Step 1 H+ 2e- H+ 2e- Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Glycolysis in summary: • 2 ATPs (net gain) • Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is formed • 2 NADHs http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__ how_glycolysis_works.html Fill in the box with correct # of ATPs and NADHs Do Now! 1. 2. 3. 4. In what part of the cell does glycolysis occur? cytoplasm What is the first chemical made from glucose? Fructose diphosphate How many ATP are needed to start glycolysis? 2 What are the two energy storage molecules used in glycolysis? ATP & NADH 5. What is the NET gain of ATPs during glycolysis? 2 6. What are the final products of glycolysis? Pyruvic acid, 2 ATP. 2 NADH • If Oxygen is available, the pyruvic acids in the cytoplasm go into the mitochondria and the Kreb cycle begins (Aerobic Respiration) • If oxygen is NOT available, the pyruvic acids stay in the cytoplasm and Fermentation begins (Anaerobic respiration) . (we’ll get to that later) - where the Electron Transport Chain takes place - boundary between the organelle and the environment “folds” that increase the surface area for more ETCs Place where the Kreb’s Cycle occurs Intermembrane space: reservoir for H+ ions which are used to make ATP from ADP http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgJt4KgKQJI&feature=related Aerobic Respiration • is the process by which ATP is produced by cells by the complete oxidation (removal of electrons) of organic compounds using oxygen . Stages in Aerobic Respiration 1. Once the pyruvic acid is inside the mitochondria, carbon dioxide is removed from each three-carbon pyruvic acid molecule to form acetic acid. This little step is the source of some of the carbon dioxide we produce. AEROBIC RESPIRATION 2. Acetic acid combines with an enzyme called, coenzyme A, to produce acetyl coenzyme A, also known as acetyl CoA. 3. Acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon compound called oxaloacetic acid, producing 6C citric acid. (The Krebs Cycle is aka the Citric Acid Cycle) 4. Energy released by the breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds is captured in ATP, NADH, and FADH2. 5. CO2 is released Four types of products of the Kreb’s Cycle: 1. Two high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) 2. Carbon dioxide 3. Two ATP molecules (per glucose molecule) 4. Oxaloacetic acid (needed to start the cycle again) DO NOW! Carbon dioxide Once the pyruvic acid is inside, _________________ is removed from each pyruvic acid molecule to form acetic acid. 2. Acetic acid combines with coenzyme A to produce : 1. Acetyl-CoA 3 Acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon compound, producing a 6-carbon molecule called Citric acid _____________________. 4. Energy released by the breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds is captured by what 3 energy storage molecules? ATP, NADH, FADH2 5. What gas is released? Carbon dioxide 6. In what part of the mitochondria does the Kreb’s Cycle take place? Matrix oxygen 7. The Kreb’s Cycle begins if _______________ is available. Kreb’s Cycle Where’s the Oxygen? • The Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) occurs only when oxygen is present but it doesn't use oxygen directly. • Oxygen is directly used in Step 3:The Electron Transport Chain. Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (Part A: Making water) • The electron transport "chain" is a series of electron carrying proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. • These proteins transfer electrons from one to another, down the chain. • These electrons are added, along with some of the H+ protons, to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor. This produces water. • The rest of the H+ ions, go through the ion protein channel into the intermembrane space. Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (Part B: Making ATP) • The H+ ions build up in the intermembrane space creating a concentration gradient. • The H+ ions diffuse back into the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase. • When The ATP synthase spins, it creates energy which is trapped by ADP creating ATP. • The creating of ATP is known as chemiosmosis. • The electron transport chain produces the remaining 32-34 ATP. H+ The ETC • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PgjsfY 71AM In Summary: • The electrons pass down the chain of proteins until finally oxygen is reached and water produced. Hence the process is aerobic, that is, requiring oxygen. • The hydrogens build up in between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes (increasing the concentration gradient). • The hydrogens diffuse through the ATP synthase and the energy is captured in ATP.(This called chemiosmosis.) • 6O2 + C6H12O6 -- 36 ATP + 6CO2 + 6H20 • Music video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVXHYx8zYeI&feature=rela ted (2 + 6) Why does Artificial Respiration work? • Inhaled air: 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 1% inert gas such as argon, carbon dioxide little water vapor • Exhaled air contains 78% nitrogen 17% Oxygen, 4.5 % carbon dioxide and other inert gases. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Song • “The Cycle Don’t Stop”: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65qBln UTO3k&NR=1 Anaerobic Respiration • • • • Respiration without oxygen “Plan B” in animals Produces 2 ATPs (from glycolysis) Two types: Depending on what kind of cell you are, anaerobic respiration (fermentation) will occur in one of two ways. • Fermentation Lactic Acid Alcohol Anaerobic Respiration • Animals and some bacteria produce lactic acid. • Demo • Yeast and some bacteria produce alcohol. • Lab Anaerobic Respiration • As you might remember, the electrons collected during glycolysis are carried away by NAD+ (forming NADH). • W/O oxygen, the Kreb’s cycle cannot occur so the NADH DO NOT enter the mitochondria they build up in the cytosol/ cytoplasm instead. • Without (recycled) NAD+s to carry away the continually forming high energy electrons (from the break down of glucose), glycolysis cannot proceed. Shore or bust NADH stuck in a traffic jam) (The NADHs are like cars N NADH Anaerobic Respiration Continued • The NADH gives the 2 high energy electrons to pyruvic acid thus freeing up the NAD+ to collect more e- from glucose. • Several products are created. Remember me? H+ e- H+ e- Glucose “Sugar, Sugar” Song • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJvALiiLnQ&feature=related • “Hey There Delilah” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClXcQ0 WFjkk • The History of Yeast, Beer, and Bread • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9v1cCE uSJZg Alcohol Fermentation: Pyruvic acid + NADH ---- ethyl alcohol + NAD+ + 2 ATPs + CO2 • Occurs in yeast and some bacteria • Makes bread (rise) and alcoholic beverages. • Results in 2 ATPs and CO2 + alcohol Formation of alcohol Alcohol • • • • • • Grapes ---- wine Hops & barley ----- beer Potatoes------ vodka Rice ------- sake Rye grain ------- whiskey Sugarcane (molasses) ------ rum FYI: Yeast die when alcohol levels reach 12%. The alcohol becomes too toxic and they are poisoned. Is yeast safe? • Yes and no • Baker’s yeast or Brewer’s yeast is used to make bread and alcoholic beverages. These types of yeast are safe to ingest. • There are some other types of yeast, called Candidiasis, that can cause infection. What is a yeast infection? • Animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtgcUQ UrAxo&feature=related • Where else can you get a yeast infection? In your mouth THRUSH On your skin In the cracks or folds of your fingers, toes, armpit, and other body creases (Interigo) Erosio interdigitalis Yeast Lab • See lab • What do yeasts like to eat? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mxqG F9JZHI&feature=related Lactic Acid Fermentation: Pyruvic acid + NADH ---- Lactic acid + NAD+ + 2 ATPs • Occurs in animals & some bacteria • Results in sore, fatigued, “burning” or cramped muscles within the first half hour of exercise. • It takes approx. 40 minutes to lactic acid to clear from your system. • Creates 2 ATPs + lactic acid • For short term energy production only (>90 sec). • Animal cells begin to die within 4 to 6 minutes without oxygen How can you prevent &/or get rid of Lactic Acid? • Stretch : before and after • Massage FYI: Frequent cramps or cramps when NOT exercising are often caused by a lack of potassium, resulting from an electrolyte imbalance. Night leg cramps: are most probably caused by a mineral deficiency of calcium and/or magnesium. If you are sore the day after exercising.. • It is not from lactic acid. • You are usually sore from small tears in your muscles. • Use heat to speed up healing Lactic Acid (lactate) formation Heart Rates in Different Mammals • In humans, the average resting heart rate is 70 to 80 beats per minute. • Heart rates among mammalian species are not at all similar. (Generally speaking, the larger the animal, the slower its resting heart rate.) HW: Half page essay: • • • • • • • 1. What is lactic acid acidosis? 2. How do you get it? 3. What does it do to the body? -Short term -Long term 4. How do you get rid of it? 5. Anything else……. (Disease?) Metabolism Quiz • Honors Bio: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemist ry/problem_sets/metabolism/metabolism.h tml Interactive Concept Map • http://www.biologylessons.sdsu.edu/classe s/lab4/semnet/cellular_respiration.htm Cellular Respiration