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Unit B
The Basics of
Biotechnology
• To manufacture biotech products, we
must use organisms (living things) or their
components.
• Characteristics of all living things:
• Use energy
• Respond to stimuli
• Reproduce
• Grow and Develop
• Made of Cells
Levels of Biological Organization
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ systems
• Organisms
Cells are the basic unit of life
A biotechnologist must understand
• Biochemistry ( chemistry of living
things)
• Cytology (cell biology)
• Anatomy (structure)
• Physiology (function)
Types of Cells
• Prokaryote
No nucleus, no membrane-bound
organelles, circular DNA,
Single cell, Bacteria only
• Eukaryote
Membrane-bound nucleus and
organelles, can be multicellular
Plants, animals, fungi, protists
Viruses
• Are not made up of cells
• Not living
• Protein coat with DNA or RNA inside
the coat
• Attaches to cell, injects DNA and uses
cell enzymes to copy DNA
• Bacteriophage – viruses that infect
bacteria
Cell Structure
Cell wall – gives plant cells shape and
external support
Cell membrane – controls what enters and
leaves the cell
Nucleus – controls the activities of the cell
Nucleolus – makes ribosomes in the nucleus
Ribosomes – makes proteins
ER – passageway for proteins
Golgi –packages and labels proteins
Vesicles - transports materials to cell surface
Mitochondria – provides usuable energy
for the cell
Chloroplast – converts sunlight into
chemical energy
Vacuoles – stores water
Lysosomes – digests materials for the
cell
Cytoplasm – liquid media of the cell
Macromolecules
• Cell made up of 75% water
• Includes CO2, O2 and salt
• Large carbon based molecules - organics
• Polymers made of smaller monomer subunits
Carbohydrates
• Provides energy for the cells and body
• Building block of carbs are monosaccharides
- “simple sugars”
• Monosaccarides – glucose, fructose
• Disaccharides – sucrose, lactose
• Polysaccharides – starch, cellulose, glycogen
• CnH2nOn
Lipids
• Hydrocarbons – made of carbon and
hydrogen atoms
• Hydrophobic – insoluble in water
• Triglycerides – fats and oils; store energy
• Phospholipids – found in cell membranes;
also have a hydrophilic end
• Steroids – ring structures; found in
hormones, venom, and pigments
Proteins
• Building block is amino acids
• Functions: structural (collagen), enzyme
(lactase), transport (LDL), contractile (myosin),
hormone (insulin), antibody (IgG), pigment
(melanin), recognition (CD4), toxins (Botox)
• 20 different amino acids
• Each amino acid share the same structure
except for the R group
Nucleic Acids
• Two types: DNA and RNA
• Holds genetic information
• Building blocks are nucleotides
• Nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate
and a nitrogen base
• In DNA the sugar is deoxyribose and it is
ribose in RNA
• In DNA, the bases are A. T, C, and G
• In RNA, the bases are A, U, C, and G
• DNA is double stranded and RNA is single
stranded
Enzymes
A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by
acting as a catalyst for specific reactions in a living
organism
Protein Structure
Protein binding sites
Mechanism of an enzyme
Substrate – the molecule with which the enzyme reacts
Enzyme Lab
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What does the enzyme catalase do?
Is the enzyme activity of catalase
wide-spread or specific?
Is the catalase enzyme or its substrate
reusable?
How does pH affect enzyme activity of
catalase?
How does temperature affect enzyme
activity of catalase?
Assignment
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Read Section 5.3 (pp143-146) and you
this information to write your
background section for the “Enzyme
Lab” in your lab notebook
Write the purpose of the lab in your
lab notebook
With your lab partner, design a set of
steps for a procedure to test each of
the five questions. Each question will
need it own procedure (Part I, Part II,
etc)
Enzyme Lab
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What does the enzyme catalase do?
Speed up a chemical reaction
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Is the enzyme activity of catalase
wide-spread or specific?
Is the catalase enzyme or its substrate
reusable?
How does pH affect enzyme activity of
catalase? Most enzymes work best at pH of 7
How does temperature affect enzyme
activity of catalase? Most work best at 37oC
The Basics of DNA
DNA
• Deoxyribose sugar
• Phosphate bonds
• Nitrogen bases: (A, T, C, and G)
• A-T and G-C complementary pairing
• Double stranded (helix)
• Found only in nucleus
Genetic Code
• found in the order of the bases
• every 3 bases has 64 possible
combinations
• 3 billion base pairs per cell
RNA
• ribose sugar
• phosphate bonds
• bases: A, U, C, and G
• single strand
• copy of one strand of DNA (except
for U instead of T)
Transcription
• Process of copying RNA from
DNA
• Copy leaves the nucleus and goes
to ribosome
• Copy is called messenger RNA
(mRNA)
• mRNA now has the genetic code
also
• mRNA carries code in sets of
three bases (codons)
Translation
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) found at the
ribosome
• tRNA has set of three bases
(anticodon) that binds
complimentary to the codons on the
mRNA
• each carries a specific amino acid
• 20 different amino acids
• sets specific amino acid down at
specific spot to make a chain of
amino acids (protein or polypeptide)
Proteins
• are made as the tRNA places the
amino acids in a specific order
• tRNA is reading the code on the
mRNA to determine the amino
acid and order
• mRNA is a copy of DNA
• DNA is ultimate code for the
proteins that make us work.
• Web 1
• Web 2
Other Web Resources
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DNA Basics
Genetic Diseases
Mutations
What happens to the proteins, a thus
your traits, when the DNA is changed
(mutated)?
1. Complete web activity
2. Complete the DNA: Blueprint of Life
activity
Evaluation
To see how well you get this material,
answer the scenario A Hairy Situation.
Turn in both the DNA: Blueprint of Life
and your response to the scenario.