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Objective: You will be able to differentiate between living and nonliving things. Do Now: – Open your notebook to the inside cover – Write the following: • Living Environment midterm: Tuesday, January 24th @ 10:53 • May need to take the morning bus! Characteristics of living things • All living things must perform certain functions to stay alive • Non living things do not do all of these • What activities can you think of? Life Functions • Nutrition • • Cell Respiration • • Respond to the environment Excretion • • Combine simple substances Growth Reproduce Regulation • • Moving things throughout itself Synthesis • • • • Breakdown food to release energy Transport • • Obtain and breakdown nutrients Ridding itself of waste Response • React to internal or external stimuli Life Characteristics • Homeostasis • • Metabolism • • Maintain a stable internal environment All of the chemical reactions in the organism Cells • All organisms are made up of at least one cell Living things and cells • • • • All living things are made up of one or more cells Cells are the functional unit of living things Some organisms have only one cell and are called unicellular Some are even made up of trillions of cells Do you smell what the Rock’s cooking? Organization levels • Biologists break life down into different levels – This makes it easier to study life • The order from smallest to largest – Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organism Cells make up living things Tissues are groups of cells that work together Organs are made of tissues working together Organ systems are made of organs that work together Organism is made of a group of organ systems working together Objective: You will be able to give the function of each cell organelle. Do Now: • Read, “Nucleus” on p. 176 • What is chromatin made of? Objective: You will be able to connect life functions to one or more cell organelles. Do Now: • Begin filling the function of any organelle you can remember • Circle the three that are the most difficult for you to remember • Place a star next to the organelle that you think is the most important Activity • Look through your definitions for life functions. • List a life function and the organelle(s) that best match up with that life function • Write a sentence why the two go together • Ex. Transport - Differences Between Animal and Plant Cells • Animal cells are round and plant cells are rectangular • Animal cells have lysosomes and centrioles • Animal cells have small vacuoles and plant cells have one large vacuole • Plant cells have chloroplasts and a cell wall Cork Cells Human Cheek Cells Onion Cells Nucleus Nucleolus Elodea Cell Blood Cells Objective: You will be able to differentiate between passive and active transport. Do Now: List two differences between active and passive transport Figure 7-12 The Structure of the Cell Membrane Section 7-3 Outside of cell Proteins Carbohydrate chains Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Lipid bilayer Figure 7-19 Active Transport Section 7-3 Molecule to be carried Energy Molecule being carried Figure 8.10 The diffusion of solutes across membranes Figure 7-15 Osmosis Section 7-3 Figure 8.17 An electrogenic pump Figure 8.15 The sodium-potassium pump: a specific case of active transport Receptor Objective: You will be able to compare and contrast the photosynthesis and respiration equations. Do Now: • Write the equations for both respiration and photosynthesis. – In a sentence write what happens to oxygen in each equation. – In a sentence write what happens to carbon dioxide in each equation. Photosynthesis Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon + Water Dioxide Glucose + Oxygen Respiration Equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP How can you remember the equation for respiration? Chloroplasts Chloroplasts is the site of photosynthesis – Take in CO2 and Water to make glucose – Has green pigment called chlorophyll to capture sunlight – Gives of Oxygen as a waste VS. Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis Mesophyll Chloroplast 5 µm Outer membrane Thylakoid Stroma Granum Intermembrane space Thylakoid space Inner membrane 1 µm Global Warming • Is partly caused by an increase of CO2 in the air? • Why would cutting down a forest and leaving the trees to rot increase the effect of global warming? Objective: You will be able to describe the structure and function of carbohydrates Do Now: Read “Macromolecules” on p. 45 Differentiate between monomers and polymers Inorganic versus Organic compounds An Element in the Periodic Table Section 2-1 6 1 C H Carbon + Hydrogen Types of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers Carbohydrates Functions –Readily available source of energy –Energy storage Figure 2-13 A Starch Section 2-3 Starch Glucose Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides Benedicts tests for Monosaccharides like Glucose Polysaccharides like starch Lipids have several functions: Long term energy storage Make up cell membranes Structure of Lipids Consists of one glycerol and three fatty acids Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol Protein Functions • Enzymes • Hormones • Makes up muscle tissue • Transport materials Protein Structure • Made up of amino acids – Proteins have 1000’s of amino acids joined together – But there are only 20 different amino acids – The order you place them determine what protein you make Enzymes • Catalysts can speed up or slow down a reaction • Organic catalysts are called enzymes. • Why do we refer to enzymes as being organic? Enzymes • Enzymes are a type of protein. • End in -ase • What do we call the small units that we put together to make proteins? • An enzyme is usually used to make a chemical reaction go faster • The enzyme does not get used up during the reaction so that it can be reused again and again. • Why do you think it is an advantage of the cell to be able to reuse enzymes? Enzymes • Enzymes work on molecules called substrates • The substrate actually fits into a spot on the enzyme called the active site • Each enzyme has a VERY specific shape to their active site • Usually only one substrate can fit into the active site of a specific enzyme Why do you think that scientists refer to enzymes as being specific? • 1 Substrates enter active site; enzyme changes shape so its active site embraces the substrates (induced fit). Substrates Enzyme-substrate complex 6 Active site Is available for two new substrate Mole. Enzyme 5 Products are Released. Figure 8.17 Products 2 Substrates held in active site by weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. 3 Active site (and R groups of its amino acids) can lower EA and speed up a reaction by • acting as a template for substrate orientation, • stressing the substrates and stabilizing the transition state, • providing a favorable microenvironment, • participating directly in the catalytic reaction. 4 Substrates are Converted into Products. What can affect Enzymes doing their jobs? • Temperature • pH • These two factors affect enzymes because they change its shape • The substrate will not fit into the active site anymore Figure 8.16a Rate of reaction Optimal temperature for Optimal temperature for typical human enzyme (37°C) enzyme of thermophilic (heat-tolerant) bacteria (77°C) 60 80 Temperature (°C) (a) Optimal temperature for two enzymes 0 20 40 100 120 Figure 8.16b Rate of reaction Optimal pH for pepsin (stomach enzyme) 0 5 pH (b) Optimal pH for two enzymes 1 2 3 4 Optimal pH for trypsin (intestinal enzyme) 6 7 8 9 10 Objective: You will be able to design a scientific experiment. Do Now: • Read “Explaining and Interpreting Evidence” on p. 5 • Define Hypothesis Scientific Experiments • State a problem • Provide a hypothesis • Identify: – Independent variable – Dependent variable • Control set up • Give a conclusion Example • Problem – Will a plant grow more in saltier water • Hypothesis – A lower salt concentration will make the plant grow taller • Independent variable is the salt concentration • Dependent variable is how tall the plants grow Pair Work • Design an experiment to show which color of light works best for photosynthesis. • Go through the steps in the previous slide • Each person needs to complete this in their notebook Objective: You will be able to design a scientific experiment. Do Now: • Take the ditto at the back table • Answer the questions individually Now we are going to do a real experiment. • Which paper towel absorbs water the best? – Choices: • Bounty • Brown generic towels • White school towels Towel experiment • Take out a new piece of paper. This will count as one of the labs you need to sit for the Regents. • Write your name at the top • Underneath your name, write the following lab title “Paper Towel Absorbency” Your Name “Paper Towel Absorbency” Purpose: Materials: