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CHANGES OF MATTER PHYSICAL CHEMICAL CHANGES STATE/FORM NEW SUBSTANCE IS FORMED H H H20 O = Chemical Formula for Water = Structural Formula for Water CHEMICAL REACTION = CHEMICAL CHANGE CH O O + 2H 2H O 6CO + 6H O C H O + 6O 6 REACTANTS 12 heat 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 12 light 2 6 6 C + 6H O 2H O O2 + 2H2 C H O + 6O 6CO + 6H O 6 enzymes 12 2 6 2 2 PRODUCTS QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. LEVELS OF ORGANIZTION IN LIVING THINGS ATOM O2= ELEMENT MOLECULE ORGANELLE CELL =NITROGEN, OXYGEN, ETC… COMPOUND =H2O =NUCLEUS, CELL MEMBRANE = BONE CELL, MUSCLE CELL BASIC UNIT OF LIFE = FIRST THING THAT IS LIVING TISSUE =NERVE TISSUE, MUSCLE TISSUE ORGAN =BRAIN, BICEP ORGAN SYSTEM BACTERIA= ORGANISM =NERVOUS + MUSCLUAR SYSTEM =OAK TREE, HUMAN, WORM LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION PROTONS + NEUTRONS + ELECTRONS ATOMS ELEMENT MADE UP OF THE SAME KIND OF ATOMS O2 H2 N2 MOLECULE = MORE THAN 1 ATOM ORGANELLE CELL COMPOUNDS MADE UP OF DIFFERENT KIND OF ATOMS CO2 H2O NaCl QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. ATOMIC STRUCTURE = PARTS OF AN ATOM NEUTRON PROTON ~POSITIVE CHARGE ELECTRON ~NEUTRAL CHARGE ~NEGATIVE CHARGE ~IN NUCLEUS ~OUTSIDE OF NUCLEUS ~IN NUCLEUS # OF PROTONS IS THE ATOMIC # TOTAL # OF PROTONS + NEUTRONS = MASS # NORMALLY = # OF PROTONS ISOTOPES = # OF NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS MAY VARY 12 6 c 14 6 c DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES OF AN ATOM/ELEMENT QuickTi me™ and a TIFF ( Uncompressed) decompr essor are needed to see thi s p icture. ATOMIC STRUCTURE = PARTS OF AN ATOM NEUTRON PROTON ~POSTIVIE CHARGE ELECTRON ~NEUTRAL CHARGE ~NEGATIVE CHARGE ~IN NUCLEUS ~OUTSIDE OF NUCLEUS ~IN NUCLEUS # OF PROTONS IS THE ATOMIC # TOTAL # OF PROTONS + NEUTRONS = MASS # NORMALLY = # OF PROTONS ISOTOPES = # OF NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS MAY VARY 12 6 c 14 6 c DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES OF AN ATOM/ELEMENT QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see thi s picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. ATOMIC STRUCTURE = PARTS OF AN ATOM NEUTRON PROTON ~POSTIVIE CHARGE ELECTRON ~NEUTRAL CHARGE ~NEGATIVE CHARGE ~IN NUCLEUS ~OUTSIDE OF NUCLEUS ~IN NUCLEUS # OF PROTONS IS THE ATOMIC # TOTAL # OF PROTONS + NEUTRONS = MASS # NORMALLY = # OF PROTONS ISOTOPES = # OF NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS MAY VARY 12 6 c 14 6 c DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES OF AN ATOM/ELEMENT QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see thi s picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. ATOMIC STRUCTURE = PARTS OF AN ATOM NEUTRON PROTON ~POSTIVIE CHARGE ELECTRON ~NEUTRAL CHARGE ~NEGATIVE CHARGE ~IN NUCLEUS ~OUTSIDE OF NUCLEUS ~IN NUCLEUS # OF PROTONS IS THE ATOMIC # TOTAL # OF PROTONS + NEUTRONS = MASS # NORMALLY = # OF PROTONS ISOTOPES = # OF NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS MAY VARY 12 6 c 14 6 c DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES OF AN ATOM/ELEMENT QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see thi s picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncomp resse d) de com press or are nee ded to s ee this picture. Quic kTime™ and a TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. The PET (Positron Emissions Tomogr a phy ) is a further - developed nuclear medic ine imaging procedure that shows the d istribution of a radioactive substa n ce (known as tra cers ) in an image. This relates to the amino acid tyrosine marked wi t h 18F (fluor ine ). This tracer accumu lates in a ll qu ickly dividing cel ls . This means that the existence and extent of the actual tumour can be established accurately. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION PROTONS + NEUTRONS + ELECTRONS ATOMS ELEMENT MADE UP OF THE SAME KIND OF ATOMS O2 H2 N2 MOLECULE = MORE THAN 1 ATOM ORGANELLE CELL COMPOUNDS MADE UP OF DIFFERENT KIND OF ATOMS CO2 H2O NaCl LEVELS OF ORGANIZTION IN LIVING THINGS ATOM O2= ELEMENT MOLECULE ORGANELLE CELL =NITROGEN, OXYGEN, ETC… COMPOUND =H2O =NUCLEUS, CELL MEMBRANE = BONE CELL, MUSCLE CELL BASIC UNIT OF LIFE = FIRST THING THAT IS LIVING TISSUE =NERVE TISSUE, MUSCLE TISSUE ORGAN =BRAIN, BICEP ORGAN SYSTEM BACTERIA= ORGANISM =NERVOUS + MUSCLUAR SYSTEM =OAK TREE, HUMAN, WORM Social Issues 4 MAJOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN LIVING THINGS Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids C+H+O+N+P Elements C+H+O C+H+O C+H+O+N Functions Energy and Structure Structure (membrane), Energy, and Messengers Structure, Membrane Pumps, and Aid Reactions Store Genetic Information Building Blocks Monosaccharides Glycerol = H and Fatty Acid = T Amino Acids Nucleotides Combined BB Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Saturated Fats and Unsaturated Fats Dipeptides Polypeptides RNA DNA Examples Sugars Skin Muscles Enzymes Genes Chromosomes Fats, Waxes, Oils Polymerization = Building Blocks or Monomers or Sub-Units combine to form larger molecules 4 MAJOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN LIVING THINGS Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids C+H+O+N+P Elements C+H+O C+H+O C+H+O+N Functions Energy and Structure Structure (membrane), Energy, and Messengers Structure, Membrane Pumps, and Aid Reactions Store Genetic Information Building Blocks Monosaccharides Glycerol = H and Fatty Acid = T Amino Acids Nucleotides Combined BB Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Saturated Fats and Unsaturated Fats Dipeptides Polypeptides RNA DNA Examples Sugars Skin Muscles Enzymes Genes Chromosomes Fats, Waxes, Oils Polymerization = Building Blocks or Monomers or Sub-Units combine to form larger molecules COMPOUNDS IN NATURE ACIDS BASES GIVE OFF HYDROGEN IONS (H+) pH OF 0-6 GIVE OFF (OH)MOLECULES (OH)pH OF 8-14 HCl STRONG ACIDS/BASES ARE HIGHLY REACTIVE = THEY CAN BREAK A VARIETY OF CHEMICAL BONDS MAKING THEM DANGEROUS TO LIVING TISSUE INDICATORS REACT NaOH COMPOUNDS IN NATURE ACIDS BASES GIVE OFF HYDROGEN IONS (H+) pH OF 0-6 GIVE OFF (OH)MOLECULES (OH)pH OF 8-14 HCl STRONG ACIDS/BASES ARE HIGHLY REACTIVE = THEY CAN BREAK A VARIETY OF CHEMICAL BONDS MAKING THEM DANGEROUS TO LIVING TISSUE INDICATORS REACT NaOH CATALYST = ~AIDS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS + ~IS NOT CHANGED OR USED UP CLEANERS ENZYMES FUEL ADDITIVES ENZYMES = BIOLOGICAL CATALYST WORK BEST UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS MADE OF PROTEIN ACTS AS A CATALYST = NOT CHANGED OR USED UP REDUCES ACTIVATION ENERGY CONTAINS ACTIVE SITE REACTS WITH SUBSTRATES ATTACHES TO ACTIVE SITE ~TEMPERATURE ~pH LEVEL ~ORGANIC/INORGANIC ENZYMES = BIOLOGICAL CATALYST WORK BEST UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS MADE OF PROTEIN ACTS AS A CATALYST = NOT CHANGED OR USED UP REDUCES ACTIVATION ENERGY CONTAINS ACTIVE SITE REACTS WITH SUBSTRATES ATTACHES TO ACTIVE SITE ~TEMPERATURE ~pH LEVEL ~ORGANIC/INORGANIC Quic kTime™ and a TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (U ncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. y x y x z Enzymes can increase the rate of reaction by 1010(1500 years = 5 seconds) CHEMICAL REACTION = CHEMICAL CHANGE REACTANTS C6 H12 O6 C+6H 2 O O2 +2H 2 2H2 O 6CO2 +6H 2 0 C6 H12 O6 +6O 2 2H2 O O2 +2H 2 LIGHT ENZYM ES C6 H12 O6 +6O 2 6CO2 +6H 2 O PRODUCTS PHOTO SYNTHEISIS = SUNLIGHT CONVERTED TO FOOD CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY CHEMICAL ENGERGY(FOOD) sun 6CO2 + 6H2Oenzymes C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 2ATP LIGHT REACTIONS LIGHT ABSORBED WATER SPLIT O2 PRODUCED DARK REACTIONS ATP FORMED DON’T NEED LIGHT ELECTRONS TRANSPORTED PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCUS ONLY IN AUTOTROPHS OCCURS IN CHOLOPLASTS CO2 USED GLUCOSE FORMED VITAL COMPOUNDS FORMED QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. are needed to see this picture. Reactants Products Energy Transfer Sun Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Decomposers *Only 10% of the energy in one level is converted to biomass at the next level. The rest of the energy (90%) is lost as heat/waste. Energy Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers 1 snake 10 sparrows 100 caterpillars 1000 grass plants CHEMICAL REACTION = CHEMICAL CHANGE REACTANTS C6 H12 O6 C+6H 2 O O2 +2H 2 2H2 O 6CO2 +6H 2 0 C6 H12 O6 +6O 2 2H2 O O2 +2H 2 LIGHT ENZYM ES C6 H12 O6 +6O 2 6CO2 +6H 2 O PRODUCTS CELLUAR RESPIRATION FOOD GLUCOSE + OXYGEN C6H12O6+6O2 ENERGY TO BE USED CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER+ ENERGY ENZYMES 6CO2+6H2O+36ATPP OCCURS IN STEPS GLYCOLYSIS = GLUCOSE SPLITTING AEROBIC = WITH OXYGEN RESPIRATION OCCURS IN CYTOPLASM ANAEROBIC = WITHOUT OXYGEN OCCURS IN MITOCHONDRIA VERY EFFICIENT 38 ATP PER LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION 2 ATP PER OCCURS IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS THE CURTAIN ALCOHOL FERMENTATION 2 ATP PER CHEMICAL REACTION = CHEMICAL CHANGE REACTANTS C6 H12 O6 C+6H 2 O O2 +2H 2 2H2 O 6CO2 +6H 2 0 C6 H12 O6 +6O 2 2H2 O O2 +2H 2 LIGHT ENZYM ES C6 H12 O6 +6O 2 6CO2 +6H 2 O PRODUCTS C6H12O6 CO2 O2 H20 ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 +36 ATP Glucose O2 ATP + P Energy-requiring processes Respiration ATP H 2O CO2 Charlie, start here Glucose C 6 Glycolysis 2 pyruvic acid C 3 Lactic acid fermentation Alcohol fermentation Acetic acid C 2 Results in much more ATP formation CO2 Krebs cycle CO2 e ½ O2 ADP + P Electron transport system H 2O ATP QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. In one minute a working muscle cell uses 10,000,000 ATP molecules. That is the cell's entire supply, so ADP must be recycled into ATP. Produce 125lbs of ATP per day. Blue Whale makes 5 tons/day. Even resting in bed, you use 20 kg of ATP every 24 hours! QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. (Glucose)