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Supplemental instruction Cell respiration & Metabolism •Aerobic respiration •Catabolism & Anabolism •Carbo., Fat, & protein metabolism Picture from http://view.picapp.com/pictures.photo/creative/close-woman-eating-hamburger/image/5284526 http://motivations4u.blogspot.com/2007/08/self-improvement-7hot-tips-part-1.html Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected] Metabolism : All body’s process that transform energy. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Chemical reactions in Metabolism: Reactants • Anabolism A + B + energy Product C Form larger molecules + energy • Catabolism Reactant C Products A + B + energy Breaking down into smaller molecules + energy Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Mitochondia “Power house” Inhale: gain O2 Exhale: remove CO2 Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com ATP = ADP + 3Pi = An RNA Adenosine Nucleotide + 3Phosphates -Universal(Major) energy carrier ADP + Pi + energy ----> ATP ATP ----> ADP + energy + Pi Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Cellular aerobic respiration (4 step) Glycolysis (The transition step) Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) The electron transport system Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com NADH, FADH2 -RNA coenzyme (derived from Vitamin) - electron ________________ transporter -Used to temporarily store energy within the cell NAD NADH (Reduced/Oxidized) Carried to ETC : at Glycolysis, Krebs cycle NADH NAD (Reduced/Oxidized) : at ETC ( Electron Transport Chain ) *The more reduced = the more energy it holds. Reduced coenzymes carry high-energy electrons to proton pumps where ATP is then made( ETC). Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Cellular aerobic respiration -To obtain Energy ____________ or ATP O2 to break down glucose -Using _____ mitochondria -Most occur in _______________ carbon dioxide O2 water Glucose ATP 6CO2+ 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 ……....…… 36 _______ (glucose) But, net ___ 30 ATP per glucose. FATS & __________________ Protein(Amino Acids) can be broken down to _______ recharge ATP. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Glycolysis -Occur in _________________. Cytoplasm(Cytosol) -Glucose needs to be traped! Glucose 6-phosphate 2 pyruvic acids - produce ____________. - NAD NADH (reduced / oxidized). 1C6H12O6 2 Pyruvates ________ + 2 ATP ____ + 2NADH _______ 1glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2Pi 2 pyruvates + 2NADH + (2H+)+ 2 ATP - Oxygen required? (Yes / No) *All cells undergo glycolysis in either aerobic or anaerobic resp. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Glycolysis In the Glycolysis, what is the first step? Glucose is phosphorylated to be trapped inside cell. (glucose-6 phosphate) Produce ATP by ___________________________. Substrate-level phosphorylation Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com After glycolysis… In presence of oxygen - Pyruvic acids enter ___________. mitochondria converted to __________ Acetyl-CoA there. Kerbs Cycle! Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. In absence of oxygen - Pruvic acids are converted to __________. lactic acids - NADH NAD (reduced / oxidized). - Lactic acid is converted back to glucose in the Cori _________. cycle Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle) Begins with acetyl CoA -Occur in ____________. Mitochondria -Circular pathway -Oxygen required? (Yes / No) -NAD NADH; FAD FADH2 (reduced / oxidized). -GTP ATP. Yield…. -1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per Acetyl -2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 per Glucose Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Krebs cycle -Aerobic respiration! -The Krebs cycle does not directly require oxygen. -None of the steps in the pathway directly use oxygen. -The activity of the Krebs cycle is closely linked to the availability of oxygen -In the absence of oxygen, the Krebs cycle is inhibited. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Electron transport system (ETC) -Series of Redox Rxns. -Occur in ____________. Mitochondria NADH and ________ FADH2 -Generates ATP from in _______ -Oxygen required? (Yes / No) -NADH, FADH2 --- NAD, FAD (reduced/ oxidized) Yield…. -32 ATP per Glucose -Produce ATP by ___________________________. oxidative phosphorylation -What is the final electron acceptor? Oxygen! * Most ATPs are produced during (glycolysis / Krebs Cycle / ETC). Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com ATP can be made 2 ways: Direct (substrate-level) phosphorylation - Where ATP is generated when bonds break. -“Spliting sugar” in glycolysis 2ATPs/glucose in cytoplasm. - GTP ATP in Kreb’s cycle 2ATPs/glucose in mitochondria. http://archive.biosci.uga.edu/1996/spring_96/bio_104/notes/may_28.html Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com -Oxidative phosphorylation in ETC -Protons cannot easily diffuse back through membrane. -Protons activate ATP synthase that ADP + Pi ATP -30-32 ATPs made this way. -inner membrane of mitochondria. * ATP synthase :Enzyme that can synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Aerobic respiration -Using _______ Oxygen to make ATP. -Starts when pyruvate enters mitochondria. Substrate level phosphorylation to produce ATP. -___________________________ Oxidative phosphorylation Anaerobic respiration -Oxygen (required /not required) to make ATP. -only yields net gain of 2 ATPs per glucose. -Occurs in skeletal and heart muscle. O2 falls below critical levels. when _______________________ -___________________________ Substrate level phosphorylation to produce ATP. -Red Blood Cells respire anerobically. Don’t have mitochondria Why? _____________________ -Skeletal muscle lasts (longer/shorter) than heart tissue under anaerobic conditions. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Cellular anaerobic respiration -To obtain Energy ____________ or ATP in _________. cytoplasm -To break down glucose, oxygen required? (Yes / No) -Most occur in _____________ ___________ blood cells skeletal muscle and Red -__ 2 ATPs per glucose Do not have mitochondria Glycolysis C6H12O6 2 pyruvate 2 C3H6O3 + 2ATP (glucose) (lactic acid) -When the cells use anaerobic respiration? ONLY when oxygen levels in the body are too low for aerobic respiration. Bursts of exercise when no increased breathing has occurred. -Temporarily switch to anaerobic respiration. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Sustained exercise -(increases/decreases) breathing rate to get more ____. O2 -(increases/decreases) heart rate to ____________________. supply more O2 to cells -Lactic acid fermentation happens in _____________ frequently. skeletal muslce Why do we feel fatigue after prolonged exercise? Lactic acid accumulation causes muscle fatigue (temporary weakness and burning sensation) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com C6H12O6 2 pyruvate 2 C3H6O3 + 2ATP (glucose) (lactic acid) Backward! Cori Cycle C6H12O6 2 C3H6O3 + 2ATP (glucose) (lactic acid) From anaerobic respiration -Lactic acid Glucose -Usually muscle cells (anaerobic cells ) release their lactic _________ acid into the blood. The blood carries the lactic acid to the _____. liver glucose The glucose is used by The liver makes _______. cells _______. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Glucose is stored as ________ glycogen in skeletal muscle & liver. Glycogenesis ___________ - generates glycogen. - Liver & muscle. Glycogenolysis ___________ - breaks it down. - Liver & muscle Gluconeogenesis ______________ -results in the generation of glucose. -Mainly liver _____ can produce a form of glucose and release glucose into the blood. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com What if the cell has adequate amounts of ATP…… Glucose is converted to _________________ Glycogen and __________. Fats (storage form) in the liver and skeletal muscle Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Review lipids…. Phospholipids _____________major component of cell membranes; Acts as surfactant Triglyceride ____________Formed in adipose tissue Steroid ____________made up of hydrocarbon rings; cholesterol Prostaglandins ____________- variant fatty acids ;many regulatory functions- tend to act where they are produced Picture from http://www.dtc.ucsf.edu/type2/health-management/diet-and-nutrition/your-blood-lipids.html Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Formation of fat usually occurs in _____ liver (organ) and _______ adipose tissue. It is stored inside the liver cells and is converted to glucose, which is then released into the blood for other organs to use. “The liver is responsible for turning sugar into fat and for turning fat into sugar.” Picture from http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v6/n10/fig_tab/nri1937_F1.html http://www.livercare101.com/ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com When ATP is adequate and blood glucose level is high, …. Insulin promote the entry of blood glucose into adipose tissue! Acetyl-CoA does not enter Krebs cycle. Acetyl-CoA __________ molecules are converted to fatty acids & cholesterol. Lipogenesis ~ formation of fat. Anabolism! Picture from Dr. Wright Bio6 slide http://healthnews.ediets.com/diet-fitness/2008/08/emotional-eating-are-you-emotional.html Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Glycolysis Belly fat is stored energy. To get rid of the layer of fat you need to burn more energy (calories) than you eat. Picture from http://www.maximumbodybuilding.com/belly-fat-the-ultimate-danger-zone http://www.thedailygreen.com/healthy-eating/blogs/healthy-food/ http://surveillance-videocameras.com/sur/?m=200908 Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com To make ATP, other than glucose….. ____________ Lipids(Fats) & __________________ Protein(Amino Acids) can be broken down to recharge ATP. catabolism! Fat molecules store energy most efficiently! 9 kcal energy/gram of fat 4 kcal energy/gram for carbohydrate or protein Protein is the next choice to breakdown to recharge ATP. since it involve the loss of muscle mass. Picture from http://people.desktopnexus.com/wallpaper/96048/ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Our body choose as a energy (ATP) source… Glucose Fat (lipids) Protein Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com When fasting, ATP from breakdown of fats(lipids)…. (or starving) Lipolysis ~ breakdown of fats (triglycerides) from adipose tissues. Ketone bodies can be used for energy. Picture from Dr. Wright’s Bio6 slide http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Everyone%20Else/pages-3/Americansurged-to-stop-sending-junk-food-to-starving-people-Scrape-TV-The-World-on-your-side.html Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Beta oxidation ______________ is the process by which fatty acids, in the form of Acyl-CoA molecules. can be use energy in a few organs Beta-oxidation can be use energy Acyl-CoA enter Krebs cycle APTs!!! Picture from Dr. Wright’s Bio6 slide Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Picture from Dr. Wright’s Bio6 slide Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com Breakdown of fats (triglycerides) from adipose tissues Glycerol used as energy Fatty acids (beta oxidation) Acetyl CoA Ketone bodies (energy sources) enters Krebs cycle APTs! Fatty acids produce more APTs than glucose. Do you remember? 9 kcal energy/gram of fat 4 kcal energy/gram for carbohydrate or protein. Picture from http://www.eufic.org/jarticle/en/food-nutrition-guide/fats/expid/basics-fats/ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com catabolism! Protein is the last choice to breakdown to recharge ATP. since it involve the loss of muscle mass. Transamination ~ one amino acid to form another Oxidative Deamination -_________ Keto acids can be used for energy. catabolism! -___________ Urea waste products (urine) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com _____________ Ketone bodies from fatty acids(lipids) can be used for energy. _____________ Keto acids from amino acids(protein) can be used for energy. catabolism! Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com