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Chemistry of Life Bio A Organic Molecules: molecules that contain both C and H; can contain other elements too; - If they ONLY contain C and H they are called hydrocarbons Why can carbon make these long chains? C Wants to share all its electrons Therefore C can make up to 4 covalent bonds at a time!! Draw each structure beside the appropriate description. One of the descriptions does NOT have a structure shown Organic Molecules: When you cannot follow a line of carbons in a molecule without “backtracking” the molecule is branched. 2-methyl butane Using skeletal structures • Skeletal structures are used only for organic molecules. • Since all organic molecules contain C and H, we only fill in things on the structure that ARE NOT C or an H that is directly attach to a C or H • We draw a zigzag line to represent the line of carbons. Each vertex or endpoint signifies a carbon. LET’s try a few. Draw skeletal structures of these molecules Inorganic molecules: molecules that do not contain BOTH C and H Some examples: Compounds of the Cell: Water Lipids Minerals Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids WATER: most essential inorganic molecule Body is 65- 75% on average More in fat or muscle?? More in Males or females?? Functions of water: Solvent: dissolves lots of stuff Medium: where the chemical reactions happen Moistens Surfaces: What if your lungs were dry? Functions of water: Temperature Regulation Example? Cushion Brain in skull; Transportation Moving molecules through the blood Functions of water: Lubrication Joints; prevent bones from scraping Hydrolysis Using water to break apart large molecules Functions of water: Sense Organs Eyes Nose Mouth Minerals Important minerals: Iron Phosphorous Calcium Iodine Sodium Chlorine Potassium Minerals Function: help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance; - act as a pH buffer - aid in structure of cells (body) - Move nerve impulses - Carry oxygen - Regulate thyroid gland (and metabolism) The organic molecules we will study are known as Macromolecules Macro = big - made up of many small molecules linked together to form one big molecule - small molecule = a monomer - chain of small molecules = polymer Nutritional Compounds These Macromolecules are what provide us with nutrition They make up the “Calories” we eat Calorie ( in science): 1 unit of thermal (heat) energy 1 calorie (chemistry) is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius 1 food calorie = 1000 chemistry calories = 1 kilocalorie So, 1 calorie of food has enough energy to heat 1000g of water 1 degree. Nutritional Label Handout CARBOHYDRATES (CHO) Monomer: Monosaccharides: simple sugars; 5 carbon or 6 Carbon rings CARBOHYDRATES (CHO) Disaccharides: “double sugars”; Polysaccharides: 3 or more single sugars; huge chain molecules How do they connect? - Dehydration synthesis: chemical reaction that joins monomers to make polymers; also creates a H2O How do they connect? - 2H’s and 1 O have to be removed to link reactants. These atoms form 1 water molecule Dehydration Synthesis: - Underline the atoms that become the H2O + + H2O How do we break them apart? - Hydrolysis: chemical reaction that takes in a H2O to break polymers into monomers Hydrolysis: - Underline the atoms that WERE the H2O H2O + CARBOHYDRATES What do they do? 1.Monosaccharides – instant energy 2.Polysaccharides – short term energy storage (Starch vs. glycogen) 3.Structure of the cell – Plant cell wall CARBOHYDRATES (CHO) Examples: 1.Starch (amylose) 2. Sugar (Glucose, lactose, fructose…) 3. Fiber (cellulose) What do they have in common? Lipids Made of: 1 glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids 1 Fat molecule Lipids Fat molecule is called a Triglyceride Lipids NO TRUE MONOMER. DOESN’T FORM A CHAIN Lipids – NO MONOMER! Once we connect the three fatty acids to the glycerol, we can not connect anything else. No endless chains like with carbs, proteins and nucleic acids. Lipids How do the 4 parts combine? Any guesses??? Lipids But we need THREE reactions to make 1 triglyceride Lipids Include: fats, oils, waxes; steroids Lipids Function: 1. long term energy storage 2. Cell Structure: membrane 3. Cushioning 4. Insulation Dieting: Are fats and “carbs” really evil?? Why has society become anti-carb? Is Atkins or the South Beach diet really good for you?? Proteins Monomer: Amino acid Amino end -NH2 O Carboxyl end H H -COOH H N C C OH R Variable R group Amino acids form a chain called polypeptides. - using same dehydration synthesis reaction + 2 unlinked amino acids 1 polypeptide + H2O (not shown) Polypeptides twist and fold into a 3D shape to make a protein - only folded proteins are functional Function: Proteins Example: 1.Structure - cartilage 2.Messengers - Hormones 3.Speed up chem. Reactions - Enzymes 4.Fight disease - Antibodies Structure of Nucleic Acids Nucleotides: monomer of nucleic acids Three Parts of a nucleotide: 5 carbon Sugar – C, H, O Phosphate group - PO3 Base – N, C, H Structure of Nucleic Acids P Base o CH2 H H H H OH H P = Phosphate = H2PO3 Structure of Nucleic Acids So what elements are involved: Sugar? PHOSPHate? NITROGENous base? Nucleic Acids General Role: “information molecules”; tell our body how to make/do what it needs to Examples of Nucleic Acids DNA: Full name: deoxyribonucleic acid; Sugar: deoxyribose Possible bases: A, T, G, C Number of chains: two twisted together Function: “cookbook”, the master copy of information Examples of Nucleic Acids RNA: Full name: ribonucleic acid; Sugar: ribose Possible bases: A, U, G, C Number of chains: one spiral chain Function: single recipe, temporary copy of the instructions for 1 protein Nucleic Acids ANALOGY DNA = cookbook, ALL the recipes RNA = index card copy of 1 recipe Protein = tasty food that is made from the recipe