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Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Enzymes Catalysts for biological reactions Most are proteins Lower the activation energy Increase the rate of reaction Activity lost if denatured May be simple proteins May contain cofactors such as metal ions or organic (vitamins) Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions Chemical reactions of life Processes of life building molecules synthesis + breaking down molecules digestion + Nothing works without enzymes! How important are enzymes? all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work building molecules synthesis enzymes enzyme + breaking down molecules digestive enzymes live We can’t without enzymes! enzymes speed up reactions “catalysts” enzyme + CATALYST – A SUBSTANCE THAT CAUSES A CHEMICAL REACTION TO HAPPEN MORE QUICKLY. Enzymes work by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy 6 Enzymes Without Enzyme With Enzyme Free Energy Free energy of activation Reactants Products Progress of the reaction 7 Enzymes are proteins Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job enzymes are named for the reaction they help sucrase breaks down sucrose proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions substrate active site product enzyme Enzyme vocabulary Enzyme helper protein molecule; catalyst Substrate molecule that enzymes work on Products what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction Active site part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into It’s shape that matters! Lock & Key model shape of protein allows enzyme & substrate to fit specific enzyme for each specific reaction Lock and Key Model P S + + S P E + S ES complex E + 12 P 2 1 3 Enzyme Action: Induced Fit Model Enzyme structure flexible, not rigid Enzyme and active site adjust shape to bind substrate Increases range of substrate specificity Shape changes also improve catalysis during reaction Enzyme Action: Induced Fit Model P S S P E + S ES complex E + P Factors Affecting Enzyme Action: Temperature Little activity at low temperature Rate increases with temperature Most active at optimum temperatures (usually 37°C in humans) Activity lost with denaturation at high temperatures Factors Affecting Enzyme Action Optimum temperature Reaction Rate Low High Temperature What affects enzyme action Correct protein structure correct order of amino acids why? enzyme has to be right shape Temperature why? enzyme has to be right shape pH (acids & bases) why? enzyme has to be right shape Order of amino acids Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job! chain of amino acids DNA folded protein right shape! folded protein chain of amino acids DNA wrong shape! Factors Affecting Enzyme Action: Substrate Concentration Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction (enzyme concentration is constant) Maximum activity reached when all of enzyme combines with substrate Factors Affecting Enzyme Action Maximum activity Reaction Rate substrate concentration Temperature Effect on rates of enzyme activity Optimum temperature greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate human enzymes 35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C) Raise temperature (boiling) denature protein = unfold = lose shape Lower temperature T° molecules move slower fewer collisions between enzyme & substrate Temperature reaction rate human enzymes 37° temperature How do cold-blooded creatures do it? pH Effect on rates of enzyme activity changes in pH changes protein shape most human enzymes = pH 6-8 depends on where in body pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8 pH intestines trypsin What’s happening here?! reaction rate stomach pepsin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 pH 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Enzyme Inhibition Inhibitors cause a loss of catalytic activity Change the protein structure of an enzyme May be competitive or noncompetitive Some effects are irreversible 27 Competitive Inhibition A competitive inhibitor Has a structure similar to substrate Occupies active site Competes with substrate for active site Has effect reversed by increasing substrate concentration 28 Noncompetitive Inhibition A noncompetitive inhibitor Does not have a structure like substrate Binds to the enzyme but not active site Changes the shape of enzyme and active site Substrate cannot fit altered active site No reaction occurs Effect is not reversed by adding substrate Allosteric Site – undergoing a change in the shape and activity of a protein (as an enzyme) that results from the combination with another substance at a point other than the chemically active site. For enzymes… What matters? SHAPE!