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Transcript
Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Richard L. Myers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 6.1 Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life Energy is necessary for life processes – These include growth, transport, manufacture, movement, reproduction, and others Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Sunlight energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 Glucose + + H2O O2 Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP (for cellular work) Heat energy 6.2 Breathing supplies oxygen to our cells for use in cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. O2 Breathing CO2 Lungs CO2 Bloodstream Muscle cells carrying out Cellular Respiration Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP O2 6.3 Cellular respiration banks energy in ATP molecules Cellular respiration is an exergonic process that transfers energy from the bonds in glucose to ATP – Cellular respiration produces 38 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule – Other foods (organic molecules) can be used as a source of energy as well Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. C6H12O6 Glucose + 6 O2 Oxygen 6 CO2 Carbon dioxide + 6 H2O Water + ATPs Energy 6.4 The human body uses energy from ATP for all its activities The average adult human needs about 2,200 kcal of energy per day – A kilocalorie (kcal) is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram (kg) of water by 1oC – This energy is used for body maintenance and for voluntary activities – One g of C6H12O6 releases 3811 C Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All that glucose 1 mole of glucose is 180 grams 1 mole of glucose produces 686 Kcal of heat 3.2 moles yields 2200 kcal or 1.25 lbs. glucose Your brain burns ¼ lb. of glucose per day and uses 15% of the oxygen 75% of energy from food is used to maintain life activities and brain function 6.5 A cellular respiration equation – Glucose loses its hydrogen atoms and is ultimately converted to CO2 – At the same time, O2 gains hydrogen atoms and is converted to H2O – Loss of electrons is called oxidation (LEO) – Gain of electrons is called reduction (GER) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Loss of hydrogen atoms (oxidation) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP) Glucose Gain of hydrogen atoms (reduction) 6.5 Enzymes oxidize glucose and other foods – dehydrogenase – removes the hydrogen – requires a coenzyme called NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to shuttle electrons Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 6.6 Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages Stage 1: Glycolysis – glucose, (6C) broken into two molecules of a 3 C molecule called pyruvate – This stage occurs in the cytoplasm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Stage 2: Krebbs Cycle: also called citric acid cycle – pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and supplies the third stage with electrons – occurs in the mitochondria Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 6.6 Stage 3: Oxidative phosphorylation or the Electron Transport Chain Oxidative phosphorylation – During this stage, electrons are shuttled through the electron transport chain – Most of the ATP is generated here. – Water is formed – occurs in the inner mitochondrion membrane Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. NADH Mitochondrion High-energy electrons carried by NADH NADH FADH2 and OXIDATIVE GLYCOLYSIS Glucose PHOSPHORYLATION (Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis) CITRIC ACID CYCLE Pyruvate Cytoplasm Inner mitochondrial membrane CO2 CO2 ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Oxidative phosphorylation 6.7 In glycolysis Glucose to pyruvate NAD+ reduced to NADH 2 ATP produced Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Glucose 2 ADP 2 NAD+ + 2 P 2 NADH 2 ATP + 2 H+ 2 Pyruvate