Download Chemistry of Life: The Four Macromolecules

CHEMISTRY OF LIFE:
THE FOUR
MACROMOLECULES
2-3
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CARBOHYDRATES
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I. CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE
• A. Composed of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H),
& Oxygen (O).
• B. Have a 1 : 2 : 1 Ratio of:
• 1 Atom of Carbon
• 2 Atoms of Hydrogen
• 1 Atom of Oxygen
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II. FUNCTION
• A. Living things use
carbohydrates as their main
source of energy.
• B. The breakdown of sugars, such
as glucose, supplies immediate
energy for cell activities.
• C. Plants, some animals, and
other organisms also use
carbohydrates for structural
purposes.
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III. MONOMERS OF CARBS
• A. Monosaccharides = the monomers
for carbohydrates
• Saccharide = sugar.
• mono = means 1.
• The most common monosaccharide is
Glucose:
• C6H12O6
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IV. OTHER SIMPLE SUGARS
• A. Besides glucose, other
monosaccharides include:
• Galactose –sugar in milk
• Fructose - found in many fruits.
• B. Disaccharides include table sugar
(sucrose)
• compound made by joining glucose
and fructose together.
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V. POLYMER FOR CARBOHYDRATES
• A. Monosaccharides join
together to form
polysaccharides.
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VI. VI. STORED SUGARS IN ANIMALS
• A. Many animals store excess sugar in a
polysaccharide called glycogen.
• B. When the level of glucose in your blood
runs low, glycogen is broken down into
glucose, which is then released into the
blood.
• C. The glycogen stored in your muscles
supplies the energy for muscle contraction.
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VII. STORED SUGAR IN PLANTS
• A. Plants use a slightly different polysaccharide,
called starch, to store excess sugar.
• B. Cellulose = gives plants strength and rigidity.
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A QUESTION OF KNOWING
• Put the following in order of
size (smallest to largest):
disaccharides
polysaccharides
monosaccharides
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ANSWER
• Monosaccharides,
disaccharides and then
polysaccharides
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJvAL-iiLnQ
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LIPIDS
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I. PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
• A. Structure- also made up of C, H, and O.
• Not a 1:2:1 ratio like Carbohydrates. (They have
less oxygen)
• Monomers = fatty acids and glycerol
• Polymer = lipid
• B. Insoluble in water
• Less dense than water (they float)
• C. Produce 2X the amount of energy per gram
than carbohydrates
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II. TYPES OF LIPIDS
•There are 3 types of lipids:
–Fats
–Oils
–Waxes
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III. FATS
• A. Fat is stored under the skin
of mammals
• B. It provides cushioning for
the body
• C. Helps to slow heat loss from
the body
• D. Fats help store energy for
long periods of time of time
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IV. OILS
• A. Examples:
• Peanut oil
• Corn Oil
• Sunflower oil
• B. Plants store oils in
their seeds
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V. WAXES/STEROIDS
• A. Waxes
– Many plants have leaves and fruits with wax
coatings to help prevent water loss.
– Some animals also have wax-coated fur or
feathers to repel water.
• B. Steroids - consists of four fused ring-like
structures.
– include cholesterol, sex hormones
(progesterone, estrogen and testosterone)
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A QUESTION OF KNOWING
• What are the three types of lipids?
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ANSWER
• Fats, oils and waxes
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q
hUrc4BnPgg&list=PLP44pGfwQFbBoa
9xqAH6i0YWMoGYDQrKi
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•A. Fatty acids= Long
chains of carbon and
hydrogen
•B. Saturated fats = all
carbon to carbon bonds in a
fatty acid are single bonds
C. Unsaturated Fats = one or more pairs of
carbon atoms in the fatty acid molecules join
together by a double bond (forms a kink in
the carbon chain).
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A QUESTION OF KNOWING
• Do saturated or unsaturated
fatty acids have kinks (double
bonded carbons)?
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ANSWER
• Unsaturated fatty acids have
some double bonded carbons
that form kinks in the carbon
chain
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VII. CELL MEMBRANES
• A. Fatty acids join with phosphates to
make phospholipids
• B. Phospholipids form membranes in cells!
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Examples of Fats and Oils
It has been found
that saturated fats,
like meat, and butter
tend to raise
cholesterol produced
in body
Cholesterol is an
essential compound,
found in animal
tissue.
Cholesterol can play huge role
in amount of buildup and
hardening of the arteries.
This can lead to heart disease!
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
GENETIC MATERIAL HEREDITY
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I. FUNCTION AND COMPOSITION
• A. Function
-Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or
genetic information.
B. Composition
-contain H, O, N, C, and P.
C. Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from
individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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II. NUCLEOTIDES
• Nucleotides consist of three
parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a
phosphate group
(–PO4), and a nitrogenous
base.
• Example- adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), play
important roles in capturing
and transferring chemical
energy.
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III. 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
• A. There are two kinds of
nucleic acids:
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA).
• RNA contains the sugar
ribose and DNA contains
the sugar deoxyribose.
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IV. DNA
• A. DNA is the hereditary
material that is passed
on from generation to
generation.
• B. DNA is the
fundamental living block
of all living things.
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V. DNA SHAPE
• The shape of a DNA molecule
resembles the shape of a ladder,
with two sides connecting to each
other by rungs.
• Each side of the DNA molecule is
a chain of nucleotides.
• The entire molecule is coiled in a
shape called a double helix.
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VI. FUNCTION OF DNA
• A. The sequence of bases
acts as a code that
determines what
proteins will be made in
the cell.
• B. In turn, the proteins
determine the nature
and activities of the cell.
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PROTEINS
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I. Structure
• Proteins contain nitrogen as well
as carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
• Proteins are polymers of
molecules called Amino Acids
(monomers).
II. PROTEIN FUNCTIONS
•
Proteins perform many varied functions:
• controlling the rate of reactions and regulating
cell processes (act as enzymes)
• forming cellular structures
• transporting substances into or out of cells
• and helping to fight disease.
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• Proteins are found in
structural parts of
cells and body
tissues.
muscles
bones
cartilage
• Examples:
• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Antibodies
IV. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
•
More than 20 different amino acids are
found In nature.
•
This variety results in proteins being
among the most diverse macromolecules.
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• Proteins
have four
levels of
structure.
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Enzymes