* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
Survey
Document related concepts
Enzyme inhibitor wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Isotopic labeling wikipedia , lookup
Drug discovery wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life DO NOW 1) Grab a Chapter 2 packet and a weekly (Due Friday) 2) Use the information below to answer questions on page 1 Atomic Number Element Symbol protons electrons Element Name Atomic Mass protons neutrons Today’s Learning Targets 1) I can – differentiate between elements, compounds, and mixtures 2) I can – differentiate between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds Section 1: Nature of Matter What is Matter? Matter: anything that has mass and volume All matter consists of atoms the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down Think – Pair - Share Atoms consist of 3 subatomic particles Use the picture below to help you name and label all three Neutron (neutral) Proton (positive charge) Electron (negative charge) Elements, Compounds, & Mixtures With your group, use the pictures below to create a definition for an element, compound, and mixture Element: Compound: Mixture: Clean up – Close up 1) I can – differentiate between elements, compounds, and mixtures 2) I can – differentiate between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds 1 = Element 2 = Compound 3 = Mixture DO NOW 1) Take out Chapter 2 packet 2) Complete p. Do Now #1 3) Wait quietly to begin Today’s Learning Targets 1) I can – distinguish between acids and bases 2) I can – perform multiple pH tests to draw conclusions on the acidic or basic characteristics of a solution Aqueous Solutions The term aqueous means “dissovled in water” An aqueous solution is a mixture with substances that are evenly distributed (they dissolve) Can you name some examples of aqueous solutions? Because substances can dissolve in water they can move easily throughout our body to our cells Ex: Sugar (sucrose) couldn’t get to our cells if it wasn’t dissolved in water Polarity We call water the “universal solvent” WHY? – Water is considered a “polar” substance because of its positive and negative ends (remember hydrogen bonds) Substances dissolve BEST in polar substances like water A non polar substance – like OIL or FAT – doesn’t dissolve in water well (separates) The properties of polar and non polar substances are significant for living things Think – Pair - Share With your shoulder partners, try to think of two acids and two bases to share with the class Acids and Bases Acids & bases are aqueous solutions When acids dissolve in water they form hydrogen ions – H + , and make the solution more acidic Bases form hydroxide ions (OH-) Bases lower the acidity of a solution and make it more basic pH Scale All solutions have a pH value between 0 and 14 0 – 6.9 = Acid 7 = neutral 7.1 – 14 = Base Acid/Base Indicators An acid/base indicator is a substance that turns to a specific color depending on whether it comes into contact with an acid or a base Example Demo: Phenolphthalein – Turns pink for base, colorless for an acid Other Examples: Red & Blue litmus paper Red Litmus – stays red for acid Blue Litmus – stays blue for base Clean up – Close up I can – distinguish between acids and bases I can – perform multiple pH tests to draw conclusions on the acidic or basic characteristics of a solution 1) Write your name on an index card. 2) Give an example of an acid and base and give their pH using the pH scale DO NOW 1) Take out Chapter 2 packet 2) Complete p. Do Now #2 3) Wait quietly to begin Today’s Learning Targets 1) I can – list two characteristics and examples of each organic compound 2) I can – describe the structures and functions of each organic compound 3) I can – explain the role and significance of ATP in cells Carbon Compounds Most matter in your body that is not water is made up of organic compounds ALL organic compounds have the atom carbon in them They are usually attached to hydrogen, oxygen, and other carbon atoms 4 Organic Compounds There are four classes of organic compounds found in living things Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Without these compounds, cells could not function! Research 1) You will have the majority of the class to research the characteristics, structures, and functions of each biological molecule 2) You will use your textbook – pages 34 – 37 to complete your research 3) **These are your notes! You are responsible for taking good notes that you will use to study for your upcoming test 4) My PowerPoint on these molecules has been uploaded to my website if you need extra assistance when studying Clean up – Close up 1) Grab an index card from the center basket and put your name on it 2) List letters A, B, C, and D 3) Identify and name each biological molecule below A B D C Carbohydrates Organic compounds made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms Key source of energy Found in foods – fruits, vegetables, grains Monosaccharides: simple sugars, the building blocks of carbs Ex: Glucose and Fructose Monosaccharides If you can tell me the chemical formula for glucose hold up one finger Simple Sugars Other Sugars Disaccharides Double sugars Form when two monosaccharides join Ex: Sucrose (table sugar) contains glucose and fructose Polysaccharides Chains of 3 or more monosaccharides Ex: Starch, Cellulose (provides structural support for plants) Lipids Nonpolar molecules that are not soluble in water Ex.) Fats, phospholipids (make up lipid bilayer of cell membranes), steroids, and waxes Store Energy Lipids Saturated Fats Butter, lard, grease Considered “bad” cholesterol Solid at room temp. Unsaturated Fats Plant oils, olive oil, fish oils Considered “good” cholesterol Liquids at room temp. Proteins Large molecules Examples: Amino Acids are the Collagen building blocks of proteins There are 20 essential amino acids in proteins In skin, tendons, ligaments Hemoglobin Carries oxygen throughout your body Nucleic Acids All cells contain nucleic acids Long chain of smaller molecules nucleotides – consists of 3 parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group 2 types of nucleic acids: DNA- has 2 strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other RNA- ribonucleic acid- single strand of nucleotides DNA & RNA ATP – Final biological molecule Adenosine triphosphate – single nucleotide with 2 extra energystoring phosphate groups When food is broken down inside cells, some energy is stored in ATP Cells need a steady supply of ATP to function ATP helps organisms obtain materials, move them around, and get rid of waste Food As Fuel Using the characteristics of the different biological molecules we discussed try to list at least two foods rich in Carbs Proteins Lipids DO NOW 1) Take out Chapter 2 packet 2) Complete p. Do Now #3 3) Wait quietly to begin Today’s Learning Targets 1) I can – describe the role of enzymes in chemical reactions 2) I can – identify the effect of enzymes on food molecules Enzymes The chemical reaction in cells occur quickly and at low temperatures because of enzymes Enzyme: substances that increase the speed of chemical reactions Most enzymes are proteins Enzymes help organisms maintain homeostasis Enzyme - Catalyst Most enzymes are catalysts: lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction (speed up reaction rate) Why do we need them? Without enzymes chemical reactions in our body would not occur quick enough for us to survive Ex: Amylase – helps break down glucose Ex: Carbonic anhydrase – increases the rate of a reaction that releases carbon dioxide from your body (increases the the reaction rate by 1 million times!) Enzyme Specificity Enzymes need their SPECIFIC substrate to attach to in order to speed up a reaction Ex: Starch, Amylase, Glucose An enzymes shape determines its function/activity Enzymes have deep folds and pockets called active sites Lock & Key An enzyme acts only on a specific substrate because only that substrate fits into its active site Factors in Enzyme Activity Any factor that changes the shape of an enzyme affects the enzyme’s activity 1. Temperature (too low or too high) 2. pH value (each enzyme works best at a different range of pH values) Close up - Create an enzyme! 1) Create an enzyme with a specific active site 2) Create its “lock & key” substrate 3) Name your enzyme (enzyme’s end with the suffix “-ase” – Ex: amylase) 4) Tell me what your enzyme is used for 5) Give a detailed example of how your enzyme may be destroyed ** These will be due on Tuesday 9/29, Chapter 2 Test on Monday** DO NOW 1) Turn in your weekly and check off your name 2) Grab a Chapter 2 study guide from the front **Test Monday** 3) Wait quietly to begin Parts of an Atom The Nucleus The Electron Cloud The nucleus is The electron cloud is It contains the Surrounds the located in the center of an atom protons and neutrons the mostly made of empty space nucleus and is filled with electrons Elements Element- a pure substance made of only one kind of atom There are more than 100 known elements, each represented in the periodic table What elements are found in living things? The Element Box Last year, we discussed the element box and used it to determine the number of protons, neutrons, electrons, the atomic number, AND the atomic mass Lets Review This! The Element Box The Oxygen Atom Atomic Number Element Symbol p+ e- Element Name Atomic Mass p+ How would you find JUST the number of neutrons in an atom? n0 Try it on Your Own! Complete the two examples in your notes for an oxygen atom and a zinc (Zn) atom. Once your finished, take out the whiteboards under your desk and draw just the oxygen atom Once the whole class is finished, I will ask for specific answers for each atom! Elements, Compounds, & Mixtures **Remember – Elements are pure substances made of only one type of atom Compounds: are formed when two or more different elements joined together Mixture: two or more substances are together but not joined Drawing Atoms **Remember the protons and neutrons in an atom are always in the nucleus (the center) The electrons are in the cloud Electron Levels: Level 1 = 2 electrons Level 2 = 8 electrons Level 3 = 18 electrons Try it on Your Own! Using your whiteboards and your notes on the oxygen atom, draw the oxygen atom placing all subatomic particles in their correct places Try it on Your Own! Draw a sodium atom on your whiteboards Use the information below to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons Solutions, Acids, & Bases Section 3: Chemistry of Cells Enzymes