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Transcript
THE COMPOUNDS OF LIFE Review • Using the example of Kool-Aid and water, identify the solute and solvent. • T/F Water is polar. This means it has an uneven distribution of electrons. • In water, acids release excess _______ ions. In water, bases release excess _______ ions. • BONUS – Draw a pH scale from zero to 14. Label neutral, acid, and base. Spider Silk: Stronger than Steel • The spider and the web consists of simple organic compounds INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Monomers and Polymers • Complex chains of organic molecules are made from small units of organic molecules • Monomers = one unit • Polymers = two or more connected units • Example – One lego block – 10 connected lego blocks • The process is called polymerization Carbon – the MOST IMPORTANT atom or organic compounds • WHY? – A carbon atom can form four covalent bonds – Can stably bind with other carbon atoms – Able to form single, double, or triple bonds Structural formula Methane Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model • Carbon skeletons vary in many ways Ethane Propane Carbon skeletons vary in length. Butane Isobutane Skeletons may be unbranched or branched. 1-Butene 2-Butene Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location. Cyclohexane Benzene Skeletons may be arranged in rings. Figure 3.1, bottom part 4 MAJOR GROUPS OF MOLECULES 1. CARBOHYDRATES 2. LIPIDS 3. PROTEINS 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS Carbohydrates CARBOHYDRATES • Carbohydrates are sugars – Basic Name – saccharides – MONOMER - Monosaccharide – POLYMER - Polysaccharides are long polymers of sugars – Examples • Bread, candy, sugars Carbohydrates • These molecules typically have a formula that is a multiple of CH2O • FUNCTION - carbohydrates provide energy for an organism Figure 3.4A • Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are polysaccharides that store sugar for later use • Notice what is the monomer for these examples Starch granules in potato tuber cells Glycogen granules in muscle tissue Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall Cellulose molecules Figure 3.7 Glucose monomer STARCH GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE LIPIDS Lipids • These compounds are composed largely of C and H – They are non polar. – It does not mix with water Figure 3.8A • FUNCTION - Lipids main function is energy storage. Lipids also form biological membranes in cells • A lipid molecule = one glycerol + three fatty acids Fatty acid Figure 3.8B • The fatty acids of unsaturated fats (plant oils) contain double bonds – They are liquid at room temperature • Saturated fats (lard) have only single bonds – They are solid at room temperature Figure 3.8C PROTEINS • Proteins FUNCTION: – cellular structure – movement – defense – transport – communication • Hair is composed of structural proteins • Enzymes are a type of protein that regulate chemical reactions Proteins • MONOMER – amino acid. There are only 20 amino acids • POLYMER – protein. Nucleic Acids NUCLEIC ACIDS • Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA serve as the blueprints for proteins • They ultimately control the life of a cell • Contain C, H, O, N (nitrogen), P (Phosphorous) MONOMER - nucleotides – Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base Nitrogenous base (A) Phosphate group Figure 3.20A Sugar • The sugar and phosphate form the backbone for the nucleic acid Nucleotide Figure 3.20B Sugar-phosphate backbone • FUNCTION – To store genetic information in DNA or RNA – The sequence of the nucleotides determine what is made Base pair Nitrogenous base (A) Figure 3.20C Review • What makes carbon special? • What are monomers? What are polymers? Can you give an example for each organic compound? • What are the four organic compounds? • Name a function for each? Classwork Work on handout – Concept map – Handout on 2-3 • We will go over it Homework • SA 2-3 page 48 #1-5 • Finish this chart Carbo… Purpose Monomer Polymer Lipid Protein Nuc. Acid