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Biochemistry Bio- = life or living things Chemistry = study of chemical compositions & reactions Only 2 things in the Universe* • Matter = anything that occupies space & has mass solid, liquid, & gas • Energy = capacity to do work, kinetic & potential – – – – Chemical energy: stored in chemical bonds Electrical energy: movement of charged particles Mechanical energy: directly moving matter Radiant energy: electromagnetic waves You are what you eat • Food = contains chemicals that provide Energy & the structure of your body • Metabolism = the sum total of all chemical reactions in the body Quality of food = Quality of your metabolism • Food Diary assignment Atoms Molecules Cells • Atoms (elements) C, H, O, & N are 96% of the body – – – – – Carl Sagan video Nucleus: protons (+) & neutrons (0) Shell: electrons (-) Isotopes: same atomic numbers, different atomic weights Radioisotopes: larger, unstable, atomic decay called radioactivity Radioisotopes used in medicine, PET scans to see physiology • Molecules (compounds) chemical bonds (energy) – ionic bonds (takes or gives electrons, forms ions) – covalent bonds (sharing electrons) • Ions (charged particles) can be either atoms or molecules cations = positive charge anions = negative charge 2 major classes of biological compounds -Inorganic (no carbon) -Organic (contains carbon)* * don’t confuse this chemistry term with the term for organic foods (foods without pesticides, antibiotics, or hormones) INORGANIC COMPOUNDS • chemicals that do not contain carbon • water- most abundant & important, 60-80% of most cells • salts- ionic compounds containing ions other than H+ & OH• salts of many metals are common in the body ex: NaCl, Ca2CO3, KCl • Ca3PO4 most plentiful salt, hardness of bones & teeth, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, transports oxygen with red blood cells, enzymes INORGANIC COMPOUNDS • pH scale- 1 (acid), 7 (water), 14 (base or alkaline) • Acids- digestion HCl in stomach, Acetic Acid, & Carbonic Acid are produced in the body • Bases- Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) is abundant in the blood, Ammonia (NH3) common waste product of protein breakdown ORGANIC COMPOUNDS contain carbon, covalently bonded, many are large carbon never loses or gains electrons, always shares them four valence shell electrons, forms four bonds with other elements found in long chains or rings uniquely suited for specific roles in the body 4 categories of organic molecules in the body: • Proteins • Carbohydrates These are also • Lipids (fats) called “macromolecules” • Nucleic Acids because they are large. Jigsaw Activity 4 categories of organic molecules in the body: 1. 2. Proteins Carbohydrates 3. Lipids (fats) 4. Nucleic Acids Directions: Use your textbook & resource materials to find information for your given organic molecule. Poster to include: title, monomers (building blocks), polymers (at least 3 or more examples), describe the structure, describe the function, draw at least 2 pictures showing structure and/ or function, be able to present & answer questions You have notes on the 4 organic chemicals of life but a couple more examples… Carbohydrates = glucose, ribose, deoxyribose, fructose, galactose, lactose (in milk), sucrose (table sugar), starch (in plants), cellulose (in plants), glycogen (in animals), chitin (in animals & fungi) Proteins = hemoglobin (in blood), collagen (in skin), elastin (structure), myosin & actin (muscles), keratin (hair & nails), enzymes (catalysts), hormones* (messengers), insulin (hormone), albumin (egg white) Lipids = triglycerides, waxes, oils, steroids (includes some hormones*), cholesterol Nucleic Acids = DNA & RNA How to build polymers • Polymers are long repeating chains on monomers • Dehydration Synthesis • • • • joins monomers by “taking” H2O out one monomer donates OH– one monomer donates H+ also called a condensation reaction HO H 2O H HO H (this process takes energy & enzymes) HO H How to break down a polymer • Digestion, also called Hydrolysis • use H2O to break down polymers • reverse of dehydration synthesis • H2O is split into H+ and OH– H2O (requires enzymes & releases energy) HO HO H H HO H Enzymes • • • • • Act as a catalyst Lowers activation energy Works like a lock and key Binds to a substrate Blah, blah, blah, finish later… Any Questions?? Group Activity – sticky notes • • • • designate a “runner” & two “recorders” write each example on a separate sticky note discuss each example with group members runner places sticky note on correct word wall • Examples: cellulose glycogen cellulose ammonia hemoglobin enzymes albumin triglycerides elastin potassium chloride salt collagen lard sodium chloride water myosin & actin RNA carbonic acid sucrose polypeptides deoxyribose galactose steroids lactose insulin keratin hormones cholesterol wax fructose chitin ribose starch oil DNA Cut & Paste Polymer synthesis activity • each group member gets one (molecule) sheet of paper • DON’T cut any molecular bond until you have found another to bond with • color each drop of water blue Carbohydrates = synthesize long chains of glycogen using all the glucose in your group & attach water molecules in correct spots Proteins = synthesize a polypeptide molecule using all the amino acids in your group & attach water molecules in correct spots Lipids = synthesize either a saturated or an unsaturated lipid using the glycerol & fatty acids in your group; attach water molecules Nucleic Acids = synthesize a DNA molecule using all the nucleotides in your group; color all parts of the nucleotide (ribose = red, phosphate = blue, G= green, C= yellow, A= purple, T= orange)