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Standard II test review Cells Collecting information by Field observations • One of the things you might observe is birds on many different islands. You may find that they are flightless birds. Why? • From collecting and organizing data you may conclude that there are no predators on these islands so birds don’t need to fly. What is an inference • It is an assumption based on an observation. • For example, If I measure the length of different fish in one area of a stream. Which of the following would be an inference • The fish are all 3 to 8 inches • Most of the fish are less than 6 inches • Natural selection favors lengths of 5 to 6 inches Fill in the blanks . . .. . . . • • • • • • • • • • Organisms are composed of one or more . . . . . . .? cells Cells are made of . . . . Molecules Molecules are made of . . . . . atoms Cells are responsible for . . . . Performing life functions Cells come from . . . . preexisting cells. Put these words in order from smallest to largest Cells, atoms, molecule, organelle, organism, organ, organ system, tissues. • • • • • • • • Atom Molecule organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism What are the 4 major elements of life? • CHON • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen • What are the six elements main elements • • • • • CHONS P (includes Sulfur and phosphorus) What are the seven main elements CHONS CaP (includes calcium) What are the four major macromolecules? • • • • Fats (CHO) – Lipids, adipose Proteins (CHON) – muscles and enzymes Carbohydrates (CHO) - starch Nucleic acids (CHON -) - DNA How many Calories per gram? • • • • • • Fats 9 cal / gram Proteins – 4 Carbohydrates – 4 What is diffusion? • Something moves through a cell membrane from high concentration to low • Is this passive or active transport? • Passive • Diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane helps to maintain . . . . . . . • Homeostasis What is Osmosis? • Diffusion (movement) of water through a selectively permeable membrane (from high concentration to low) • Is this active or passive transport? • passive What is active transport • Something that needs help to get through a membrane. • What molecule usually helps it? (A word) • ATP • If there things are different on different sides of the membrane, it is usually due to . . . • Active transport • Example brown algae that contain 200 times more iodine than its surroundings. What is homeostasis? • A way to maintain a healthy internal environment (like your thermostat). • How does diffusion help with this? • Stuff moves across a membrane until there is a balance on each side. • What else must maintain homeostasis??? • All organ systems – like what? . . . • respiration – gas exchange, • urinary – remove waste and control the amount of sodium ions. • blood – sugar and nutrients). Name some animal cell organelles • Nucleus – the boss – contains chromosomes and DNA stuff. • Mitochondria – energy guy (aerobic respiration and ATP) • Lysosome – suicide sack (digestive enzymes) • Ribosomes – make protein • Endoplasmic reticulum – hold Ribosomes • Golgi – mail room (packaging and sorting) Name 3 things that are special to plants. • Cell wall • Chloroplasts – do photosynthesis • Big vacuoles – store sap What is the equation for photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide + Water 6 (C02) 6 (H20) Oxygen Sugar 6 (02) C6H1206 What is the equation for CELLULAR respiration? Oxygen 6 (02) Sugar C6H1206 Carbon dioxide 6 (C02) Water 6 (H20) Fermentation • When you make bread, you add yeast and water and some sugar. What makes the bread rise? • Yeast causes a gas to be released. • What is the gas? (hint it is like respiration) • Carbon dioxide Fermentation continued • If you want to know how the amount of sugar affects the rate of respiration of yeast in water what type of experiment might you do? • make lots of bread and change the amount of sugar to see how big the bread will rise, what is the independent variable? • The amount of sugar • What is the dependent variable? • How high the bread will rise. What does an enzyme do to a reaction? • Increases the rate. • Is it a protein, fat or carbohydrate? • Protein What is a solute? • Water (or some liquid) with stuff (like salt or sugar) in it. • What is the solvent? • The water or the liquid stuff. • Why is water a good solvent? • Because it is polar. What are proteins made of? • • • • • • • Amino acids. What is a monomer? One unit of something (an amino acid) What is a polymer? Many monomers (a protein) What is the job of a protein? Structural use and enzyme formation What is turgor pressure? • Your celery gets crisp when you spray it with water. • What is plasmolysis? • Just the opposite. • Carbon dioxide moves into the leaves of a plant by? • Diffusion. What is endocytosis? • An amoeba takes its food in by surrounding it. • Is this active transport or passive transport? • Active transport. If the food particle was a dust particle, what would happen? What is happening at #1 in the last step? Nothing it would stay as it is in the first step. The lysosome and food vacuole are joining to digest the food particle. Biological tools • Compound microscopes – to see the outer part of the cytoplasm (cell membrane) and to see the nucleus • Electron microscope – ER connects with the nuclear membrane. • Biological dyes – too see chromosomes • Chemical analysis – Chromosomes are made of DNA The development of the cell theory in the 1800s was made possible by what? • The microscope Acid - Base • • • • • pH 1 - 7 = ? Acid pH 7 = ? Neutral pH 7-14 = base (alkaline) • What is a solute • Something being dissolved in something else Water (sugar, water) • What is a solvent? • Something that you are dissolving the stuff into (like water) • What are the solvent properties of water. • Water has the ability to dissolve lots of stuff. • Why is this cool for cells? • It allows atoms to pass through the cell membrane What is blood made of? • Blood has cells, dissolved gases, wastes and nutrients in a fluid called plasma. • What is the main component of plasma? • Water • Many vital materials can dissolve in plasma. Why? • Because of waters solvent properties.