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Transcript
CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1 CHEMICAL ENERGY & FOOD • One gram of glucose releases 3811 calories of energy Calorie-amt of energy needed to raise the temp. of 1g water 1°C • Calories on food labels is actually a kilocalorie 2 • All activity burns calories • If # calories is less than that burned then the body consumes itself • If # calories taken is more than burned then they are stored in the form of fat 3 What Is ATP? • ATP = energy used by all Cells • Adenosine Triphosphate • organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds 4 Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar 5 What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU with ENERGY! 6 How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP 7 CELLULAR RESPIRATION • Cellular respiration- releases energy by breaking down food/glucose in the presence of O2 • 6O2 + C6H12O6 →6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) 8 Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place? • It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria 9 Review of Mitochondria Structure • Smooth outer Membrane • Folded inner membrane • Folds called Cristae • Space inside cristae called the Matrix 10 Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs in Matrix 11 CELLULAR RESPIRATION – STAGES 1. glycolysis, 2. Kreb’s cycle, 3. electron transport chain (ETC) 12 GLYCOLYSIS • Doesn’t need O2 • Occurs in cytoplasm • metabolic pathway found in all living organisms • What goes in? glucose • What comes out? Pyruvic acid + 2 ATP 13 Glycolysis- 1 glucose molecule is broken in half, making 2 pyruvic acid molecules • Glycolysis releases energy, but also needs energy (needs 2 ATP, makes 4) • 4 high energy electrons are removed and carried by NAD+ (NADP+ in psyth) to other molecules 14 15 • **BUT if too much ATP is made via glycolysis then all the NAD+ get filled quickly & so the process stops 16 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION (w/o O2) • If O2 is not present after glycolysis then fermentation may occur • Fermentation-releases energy from food by making ATP w/o O2 17 FERMENTATION: alcohol & lactic acid • Alcohol yeast & other microorganisms form ethyl alcohol & CO2 from sugar Makes bread rise, makes wine, beer 18 • Lactic acid in cells pyruvic acid is changed to lactic acid Made in muscles during strenuous exercise B/c the body can’t supply enough O2 to the tissues 19 • Buildup of lactic acid hurts, this is the cause of sore muscles after the 1st few minutes of exercise • Some organisms also make lactic acid as a waste product & are used to make many foods & drinks like cheese, yogurt, sour cream, etc… 20 AEROBIC RESPIRATION (w/O2) • if O2 is present then glycolysis enters the 2nd step of respiration; The Kreb’s cycle 21 KREB’S CYCLE • Needs O2 • Occurs in mitochondria • What goes in? Pyruvic acid • What comes out? 3CO2, 1ATP, 4NADH, & 1 FADH2 • CO2 is exhaled 22 • ATP is used for cellular processes • NADH & FADH2 is used to make large amounts of ATP 23 24 ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC) • Where?- membrane of mitochondria • What goes in? NADH, FADH2 • What comes out? ~34-36 ATP 25 • High energy e-’s carried by NADH & FADH2 from Kreb’s cycle pump H+ ions across the membrane • The H+ power ATP synthase to convert ADP to ATP 26 27 28 • Totals • 1 glucose = ~36 ATP • Glycolysis=makes 4 uses 2 = 2; in cytosol • Kreb’s cycle + ETC = ~34 ATP; in mitochondria 29