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Objectives • What are the chemicals of life made from? • What is the role of carbohydrates in cells? • What do lipids do? • What determines the function of proteins? • What do nucleic acids do? Section 3.3: Carbon Compounds Building Blocks of Cells • The parts of a cell are made up of large, complex molecules, often called biomolecules. • Large, complex biomolecules are built from a few smaller, simpler, repeating units arranged in an extremely precise way. • The basic unit of most biomolecules contain atoms of carbon. Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with as many as four other atoms. Carbon Bonding Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are molecules made of sugars. • A sugar contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1. • Glucose is a common sugar found in grape juice. Carbohydrates • Glucose is a monosaccharide, or “single sugar.” • Two sugars can be linked to make a disaccharide. • Many sugars can be linked to make a polysaccharide. • Monosaccharides and disaccharides are considered simple carbohydrates. Polysaccharides are considered complex carbohydrates. Checkpoint • What are biomolecules and what are they made up of? • What is the basic component of biomolecules? – What type of bonds do they form and up to how many can they form? • What are carbohydrates made up of? – And what are these made up of? • Place the following sugars in order of smallest to largest sugars: polysaccharide, monosaccharide and disaccharide. – Which ones are considered simple and complex? Carbohydrates • Cells use carbohydrates for – sources of energy – structural materials – cellular identification • Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for many organisms, including humans. Carbohydrates • Chitin and cellulose are complex carbohydrates that provide support. • Chitin is found in the shells of insects and the cell walls of mushrooms. • Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants. • In a complex organism, cells recognize neighboring cells by the short, branched chains of varying sugar units on their outer surface. Carbohydrates Lipids • Lipids are another class of biomolecules, which includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. • Lipids consist of chains of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms. – This structure makes lipids repel water. • The main functions of lipids include storing energy and controlling water molecules. Lipids • The main purpose of fats is to store energy. • Fats can store energy even more efficiently than carbohydrates. • The cell’s boundary is made of phospholipids. The structure of cell membranes depends on how this molecule interacts with water. • Waxes, found on the surfaces of plants and aquatic bird feathers, help prevent evaporation of water from the cells of the organism. Checkpoint Carbohydrates • What are 3 cellular uses for carbohydrates? • What are 2 examples of complex carbohydrates and where are they found? Lipids • What are some examples of lipids? • What do lipids consist of? • What is 2 functions of Lipids? • Where are waxes found and what is their function? Proteins • Proteins are chains of amino acids that twist and fold into certain shapes that determine what the proteins do. • There are many types of proteins that perform many types of functions. • Proteins may be involved in – – – – – – Structure Support Movement Communication Transportation carrying out chemical reactions Proteins Amino Acids • A protein is a molecule made up of amino acids, building blocks that link to form proteins. • Every amino acid has an amino group and a carboxyl group. – Units of amino acids can form links called peptide bonds. • The side group gives an amino acid its unique properties. – Twenty different amino acids are found in proteins. Checkpoint • What are proteins made up of? • What determines their function? • List several activities that proteins may be involved in. • What are the 3 parts that make up an amino acid? – What is the name of the bonds that form in between amino acids? – How many different types are there? Nucleic Acids • A nucleic acid is a long chain of nucleotide units. • A nucleotide is a molecule made up of three parts: – a sugar – a base – a phosphate group. • Nucleotides of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, contain the sugar deoxyribose. • Nucleotides of ribonucleic acid, or RNA, contain the sugar ribose. Nucleic Acids Hereditary Information • DNA molecules act as “instructions” for the processes of an organism’s life. • DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other. • RNA also interacts with DNA to help decode the information. • Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information. Nucleic Acids Energy Carriers • Some single nucleotides have other important roles. • Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is a nucleotide that has three phosphate groups and supplies energy to cells. • Energy is released in the reaction that breaks off the third phosphate group. • Other single nucleotides transfer electrons or hydrogen atoms for other life processes. Checkpoint • Nucleic acids are made up of? – These are made up of • 2 examples of nucleic acids are? – What is the difference between these two? • What is the job of DNA and what does it look like? • What is the function of nucleic acids? • What is the example of a nucleic acid that stores energy? – How is energy released? Summary • Large, complex biomolecules are built from a few smaller, simpler, repeating units arranged in an extremely precise way. • Cells use carbohydrates for sources of energy, structural materials, and cellular identification. • The main functions of lipids include storing energy and controlling water movement Summary • Proteins are chains of amino acids that twist and fold into shapes that determine what the protein does. • Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.