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Transcript
Intro to Metabolism Wrap-up 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Answer these questions in your notes – you should discuss with your colleagues! Why do we say that ATP “couples” reactions? What are enzymes, and how do they affect chemical reactions? What type of biological molecule are enzymes, and what are the levels of their structure? What factors (environmental and otherwise) affect the rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions? (there are SEVERAL!) Why would boiling an enzyme probably destroy its activity? Agenda and Business Intro to Metabolism Recap Big Picture – Energy Production and Storage Connection – Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Big Picture – Cellular Respiration Enzyme Lab due Friday – does not NEED to be typed but you can if you want (you already should have title, purpose, materials, procedures, and data tables – you need to include graphs for part I and part II and a conclusion about why the rate decreases over time [remember toothpickase???] and a conclusion/analysis about pH and enzyme activity [what was the optimal pH? What would you guess about the pH of the environment the turnips usually grow in?) Energy Production and Storage The energy timeline Cellular cash Doesn’t Checking account More last long… quickly hydrolyzed stable, can convert to “cash” easily Savings account More stable yet, must be broken down before it can be converted to “cash” Retirement fund Most stable, longest term energy storage Connection: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis What can you say about the reactants and products of each reaction? What about the energy of each reaction? Big Picture: Cellular Respiration What is the whole point of cellular respiration? Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Jammin’ to ATP Glucose, Glucose Oxidative Phosphorylation Check out www.science-groove.org/ Glucose, Glucose Glucose -- ah, sugar sugar -- | You are my favorite fuel | From the blood-borne substrate pool. | Glucose -monosaccharide sugar -- | You're sweeter than a woman's kiss | 'Cause I need you for glycolysis. | I just can't believe the way my muscles take you in. | (For you, they'll open the door.) | All it takes is a little bit of insulin | (To upregulate GLUT4). | Ah, glucose -- ah, sugar sugar -- | You help me make ATP | When my predators are chasing me. | Ah, glucose -- you're an aldehyde sugar, | And you're sweeter than a woman's kiss | 'Cause I need you for glycolysis. | I just can't believe the way my muscles break you down. | (My glycogen is almost gone.) | A few more seconds and I'll be rigor mortis-bound. | (Acidosis done me wrong.) | Your sweet is turning sour, baby. | I'm losing all my power, baby. | I'm gonna make your muscles ache. | No, no, no! | I'm swimming in lactate, baby. | Yes, I'm swimming in lactate, baby. | Now I'm drowning in lactate, baby. | I'm gonna make your muscles ache. | No, no, no! | I'm drowning in lactate, baby. | Ah, glucose -- ah, sugar sugar -- | I used you up and you left me flat; | Now I'll have to get my kicks from fat. | Oh, glucose, glucose, sugar, sugar, | The honeymoon is over now. Enzyme Quiz Recap 1. What is an autotroph? 2. What is a heterotroph? 3. What do all food chains start with? 4. What do glucose, glycogen, and starch have in common? 5. Why do we eat and breathe? (don’t you dare say “to live”) Endosymbiosis and Energy Recap What does endosymbiosis have to do with energy? Why did mitochondria evolve when they did? Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy YOU MUST KNOW The difference between fermentation and cellular respiration. The role of glycolysis in oxidizing glucose to two molecules of pyruvate. The process that brings pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria and introduces it into the citric acid cycle. How the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP. Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy ENERGY AND METABOLISM RECAP Where does energy come from? o Autotrophs – o Heterotrophs – Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy How do organisms store energy in the short term and long term? o ATP – o Glucose – o Glycogen – o Starch – ATP (ya you know me…) Where are the high energy bonds? Where do we get the energy to make those bonds? Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration o What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? o What is the difference between endergonic and exergonic processes? o What is energy coupling, and how does ATP play a role in it? How do we get something to explode? Light it on fire!!! Blow it up!!! YA!! But what’s happening chemically? What gas has to be present in order for something to blow up? Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose At the atomic level, oxidation deals with transferring electrons… When you “oxidize” something, it loses electrons Since the electrons carry energy, the energy is transferred Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose So what happens to the substance that lost the electrons? Since it gains the electrons (and gets more negative) we say it gets “reduced” Oxidation-Reduction reactions are abbreviated “Redox” Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose How can you remember which gains and which loses? OIL RIG Oxidation Is Loss Reduction Is Gain Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose Let’s Model REDOX!!! REMEMBER OIL RIG!! The orange balls represent electrons What happens when you LOSE an electron? What happens when you GAIN an electron? How can we pass the energy across the room without any of us moving?? Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose This is how energy gets transferred in cellular respiration!! Oxygen has a pretty high electron affinity, so it’s at the end of the chain So why do we need oxygen??? Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy CELLULAR RESPIRATION – BIG PICTURE Who: which organisms do cellular respiration? What: what are the general inputs and outputs of the process? When: when did it evolve? When does it occur? Where: where in the cell does it occur? Why: why is it so important? An Overview of Cellular Respiration Details of ATP Synthase Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy HARVESTING ENERGY BY EXTRACTING ELECTRONS Energy based on electrons and their energy levels!! o The more excited an electron is, the higher its energy level! Electrons transferred = maintain energy if stays in same energy level Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons (REDOX) o Remember: OIL RIG partial redox!?- based on electron affinity (or the tendency of an atom to gain electrons) o Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons) Reduction Is Gain (of electrons) move from less electronegative molecule to a more electronegative molecule and drop in energy level (slowly becoming oxidized from C-H bonds to “O bonds”) NAD+ (a coenzyme, by the way) o o NAD+ + 1e- + 1H = NADH NADH will carry (or transfer!) these e- and p+ to the e- transport chain (ETC) Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Using what we know… We know cellular respiration makes ATP We know it uses oxygen We’ll start from the end and work backwards… Mitochondria Let’s Model the ETC!! 3 volunteers to be NAD+ 1 volunteer to be FAD 3 volunteers to be the ETC pumps 3 volunteers to hold the protons in the cristae 1 volunteer to be ATP Synthase 2 volunteers to be oxygen 2 volunteers to ADP 2 volunteers to be phosphate And… PHOSPHOLIPIDS! Turn in lab/lab notebook to back counter – if you don’t have it today, turn it in late on Monday Take out your notes, diagrams, etc for CR Video: Cellular Respiration Starting from the Finish… Cellular Respiration ATP Synthase is like a motor – as it turns, it attaches a phosphate to ADP to make ATP How does it turn? (hint: how does a wind mill or a water mill turn?...) H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Hydrogen ions (or H+) flow through ATP Synthase, turning it! How do the hydrogen ions get into the cristae?... Cellular Respiration REDOX!! OIL RIG eH+ + e- H+ + e- Electrons are lost by one substance and gained by another Just like we passed the electrons in class, electrons are passed down the electron transport chain But the electrons don’t travel alone… they travel with a proton… H+ The electron is accepted by the ETC and the proton (H +) goes into the cristae H+ + e- Cellular Respiration Each oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons (H+) forming water (a product of cellular respiration!!) The buildup of the H+ inside the cristae can now flow through ATP synthase, bonding a P to the ADP Since this phosphorylation of ADP to make ATP uses oxygen, we call it oxidative phoshporylation So where do the electrons and protons come from?? H+ H+ O + 2 e- + 2 H+ H20 e- ee- e- H+ + + HH H+ H+ H+ Cellular Respiration NADH and FADH2 are the proton/electron carriers!! When “unenergized” they exist as NAD+ and FAD NAD+ picks up one electron and proton and carries it to the ETC FAD picks up two electrons and protons and carries them to the ETC So where do the FADH2 and NADH get their protons and electrons?... e- + H+ e- + H+ e- + H+ Cellular Respiration NADH and FADH2 are the proton/electron carriers!! When “unenergized” they exist as NAD+ and FAD NAD+ picks up one electron and proton and carries it to the ETC FAD picks up two electrons and protons and carries them to the ETC So where do the FADH2 and NADH get their protons and electrons?... e- + H+ e- + H+ e- + H+ Let’s start with glucose… Recap 2 ATP Glucose 4 ATP 6C Pyruvate Glycolysis Net: 2 ATP 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + e- 3C ETC Pyruvate 3C WhereCOdo the NADH NAD+ and FAD 2 go??? 2 NADH + e- ETC CoenzymeA AcetylCoA (Acetyl = 2 C) ATP 2 CO2 Kreb’s Cycle NAD+ NADH + eNADH + eNADH + eFAD FADH2 + e- Proton Gradient = concentration of H+ higher inside membrane than outside Chemiosmosis flow of ions across membrane Back for more H+ and e-!!! eNADH NAD+ + eH+ H+ + e- H+ NADH NAD+ + e- H+ + e- FADH FADH 2 + e- H+ + e- e- ee- e- O + 2 e- + 2 H+ H20 H+ + + HH H+ H+ H+ ATP ADP + P Which part of cellular respiration requires oxygen? What do we call the process of making ATP from this step? What do we call the process of making ATP without oxygen? In which part does this type of ATP formation happen? Which part of cellular respiration requires oxygen? Glycolysis ETC What do we call the process of making ATP from this step? Kreb’s Cycle What do we call the process of making ATP without oxygen? In which part does this type of ATP formation happen? Glycolysis ETC Kreb’s Cycle So which parts of cellular respiration require oxygen? How much ATP can we get without oxygen? When there’s no oxygen… Which steps can we do without oxygen? Which steps can’t we do? So… how much ATP can we get with fermentation? When there’s no oxygen… 2 ATP Glucose 6C Pyruvate 4 ATP Net: 2 ATP 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + e- 3C ETC? Pyruvate 3C NO! Because the ETC requires oxygen to accept the electrons from NADH and FADH2… Fermentation NADH and FADH2 donate to alcohol in alcoholic fermentation (yeast bread, beer) NADH and FADH2 donate to lactic acid in lactic acid fermentation (skeletal muscles… BURN!!!) Regulation of Cellular Respiration Do we always need the same amount of ATP? When might we need more or less? What substances regulate the rates of reactions? (hint: they’re proteins…) How do we regulate the action of enzymes? Did-you-get-it Quiz 1. 2. Which process or processes do you think the “original anaerobic bacteria” used? A. Glycolysis B. Cellular respiration C. Photosynthesis Where specifically do the following take place? 3. Glycolysis Kreb’s cycle ETC What are the roles of the following molecules in cellular respiration? Glucose NADH O2 ATP Synthase Recap – Key Terms and Ideas What drives the formation of ATP? Where do the electrons for the ETC come from? Where do the proton pumps (proteins that… pump… protons) get the energy to pump protons from? Why is the inner membrane folded? Manipulatives You have yellow, orange, and blue papers with the reactants, products, and processes for cellular respiration With your partner, match the processes with their titles and products and put them in the order they occur in cellular respriation Glycolysis Glucose hydrolyzed into two pyruvate molecules 2 net ATP, NADH Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb’s Cycle Pyruvate loses CO2; remaining 2 C molecule bonds with Coenzyme A (CoA); electrons and H sequestered by NADH 2 x NADH Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb’s Cycle AcetylCoA broken down further, releasing two CO2 molecules; electrons and H sequestered by NADH and FADH2 2 x (3 NADH and 1 FADH2), 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain Inner membrane proteins reduced by NADH and FADH2 Redox passage of electrons due to difference in electron affinity Electron Transport Chain Oxygen reduced by electrons from inner membrane proteins; binds with 2 protons and released as waste H2O Reduction of oxygen Chemiosmosis Proton motive force/electrochemical gradient/proton gradient drives formation of ATP HUGE production of ATP Daily Grade Quizzie Number a scrap piece of paper 1 – 20. Yes, you may use your notes 2. 3. 1. 4. 5. 7. 6. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13 – 18: write the letter of the steps below for cellular respiration in correct order Letter Process Proton motive force/electrochemical gradient/proton A gradient drives formation of ATP B Inner membrane proteins reduced by NADH and FADH2 AcetylCoA broken down further, releasing two CO2 molecules; C electrons and H sequestered by NADH and FADH2 Oxygen reduced by electrons from inner membrane proteins; D binds with 2 protons and released as waste H2O E Glucose hydrolyzed into two pyruvate molecules Pyruvate loses CO2; remaining 2 C molecule bonds with F Coenzyme A (CoA); electrons and H sequestered by NADH 19. What is the purpose of cellular respiration? 20. What is the purpose of photosynthesis? 2. 3. 1. 4. 5. 7. 6. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13 – 18: write the letter of the steps below for cellular respiration in correct order Letter Process Proton motive force/electrochemical gradient/proton A gradient drives formation of ATP B Inner membrane proteins reduced by NADH and FADH2 AcetylCoA broken down further, releasing two CO2 molecules; C electrons and H sequestered by NADH and FADH2 Oxygen reduced by electrons from inner membrane proteins; D binds with 2 protons and released as waste H2O E Glucose hydrolyzed into two pyruvate molecules Pyruvate loses CO2; remaining 2 C molecule bonds with F Coenzyme A (CoA); electrons and H sequestered by NADH 19. What is the purpose of cellular respiration? To make ATP = energy for cellular work 20. What is the purpose of photosynthesis? To store energy as food in glucose/to make glucose from energy from sun Write the number wrong on their paper Hand it back Each question is worth 5 pts (so -3 = 85%...) Warm-up 1. Where does photosynthesis take place? 2. What are the reactants of photosynthesis? 3. What are the products of photosynthesis? 4. Why is photosynthesis evolutionarily a good thing? 5. Do anabolic reactions require energy or release energy? Science Magic Trick • Why do the chloroplasts glow?! • It’s all about the electrons Science Magic Trick Science Magic Trick Photosynthesis: what you didn’t know you already knew… What looks familiar in this diagram of photosynthesis? How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar? How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected? Photosynthesis: what you didn’t know you already knew… What’s the main purpose of photosynthesis? What do we need to make glucose? CHO Where will we get them? Electrons (the things chemical bonds are made of…) Where will we get them? (remember: we’re building something [anabolic] which requires energy) Energy Where will we get them? Where does photosynthesis happen? Warm-up • Use the cards at your table to review the steps in the light reactions and Calvin cycle of photosynthesis Light strikes PSII, exciting electrons PSII is oxidized Light Reactions Water is split by PSII, electrons from water are gained by PSII PSII is reduced Light Reactions Thylakoid membrane proteins are reduced; protons are pumped through the membrane ETC proteins are reduced and a proton gradient is generated Light Reactions NADP+ acquires H+ and e- from NADP+ reductase in ETC NADPH now carries H+ and e- Light Reactions Protons flow through ATP Synthase Chemiosmosis generates ATP Light Reactions Enzyme Rubisco attaches CO2 to 5C molecule (RuBP) to make unstable 6C molecule, which breaks down into 2 3C molecules Carbon fixation Calvin Cycle ATP phosphorylates one 3C molecule Activation Calvin Cycle NADPH delivers H+ and e- to 3C molecule making G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) Reduction Calvin Cycle 2 G3P molecules may be joined to make glucose Output Calvin Cycle OTHER 3C molecule regenerated into RuBP (5C CO2 receptor) Regeneration of RuBP Calvin Cycle Rubisco’s got a problem… Problem: • Rubisco can add CO2 or O2 • Why is that bad? • When stomata (leaf holes) are closed, O2 builds up so Rubisco is less efficient • 2 solutions for hot/dry weather: C4 and CAM CAM Plants Summarize • Using the diagrams, notes, and your brains, write a summary about the light reactions and Calvin cycle of photosynthesis • Include these in your summary: H2O, O2, CO2, NADP+, NADPH, ADP, Pi, ATP, G3P, glucose, Rubisco, thylakoid, chlorophyll, stroma, light