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Chemistry of Life Macromolecules of Life 4 Macromolecules of life – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic Acids These four macromolecules make up everything in our bodies. Reactions Metabolism – The chemical reactions that occur within and organism. A person could have either a higher or a lower metabolism. Life Substances pH – The acidity of anything is based on this scale. 0 – 6 (Acid) 7 (Neutral) 8-14 (Basic) Isomers – These are three dimension structures that give the basic structure of a molecule. Carbohydrates Formula: C2H1O2 Carbohydrate Carbohydrate is a organic compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every on carbon atom. Monosaccharide – This is the simplest type of carbohydrate and it is also a simple sugar. Disaccharide – This is when two monosaccharide link together. The most commonly know disaccharide is called table sugar. Carbohydrate #2 Polysaccharides – These are the largest of the carbohydrates. They are composed of may monosaccharide subunits. Starch – It is made up of highly branched chains of glucose units and it is used to store food in plants. Glycogen – This is the form of starch that is stored in animals. Cellulose – This is another glucose polymer that forms the cell walls of plants. Lipids Saturated: no double bonds Unsaturated: Double bonds Lipids Lipids – These are organic compounds that have large portions of C – H bonds and less oxygen than carbohydrate. This is also known as fat. Protein Primary: Amnion Acids Order Secondary: Beta or Alpha bonds Tertiary: Folded polypeptide chain Quaternary: Many polypeptide chains together Protein Protein – It is a large complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur. Amino Acid – This is the basic building block for protein. There are 20 common Amino Acids. Peptide Bond – This is the covalent bond that is formed between amino acid. Enzyme – This is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions. Nucelic Acids Nucleic Acid – This is a complex macromolecule that stores information in the cells in a form of a code. Nucleotides – They consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus atoms arranged in three groups. 1. Base 2. Simple Sugar 3. Phosphate More Acid DNA – (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) This is the master copy of an organisms information code. These contain all of the codes that give information on how the organism is to operate. RNA – (Ribonucleic Acid) This is a copy of DNA and is used for protein synthesis. There are minor, but important differences between DNA and RNA.