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MCB 7200: Molecular Biology •Gene libraries •cDNA libraries •Library screening Eukaryotic gene organization enhancers silencers Genomic library construction Screening a genomic library using DNA hybridization to a (radio-)labeled DNA probe Note: a cDNA is commonly (radio-)labeled and used as a DNA probe to screen a genomic library Production of a (radio-)labeled DNA probe by the random primer method [uses the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase] 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ 3’ 5’ How many genomic clones must be screened to find your gene? Theoretically, you will need to screen N clones where N=ln(1-P)/ln(1-f) where P=the probability of finding your gene and f=the average size of the cloned genomic sequence in your vector divided by the total genome size. How many clones must you screen to find your gene in a human gene library packaged in EMBL 3 with 99% certainty? N=ln(1-0.99)/ln(1-20kb/2.8 x 106kb)= 6.4 x 105 clones The first step in making a cDNA library: Purification of polyadenylated mRNA using oligo(dT)-cellulose Note: selection of the proper source (organ, tissue) of the RNA is critical here! Figure 5.15 A cDNA library contains representative copies of cellular mRNA sequences. Molecular Cell Biology, 7th Edition Lodish et al. Copyright © 2013 by W. H. Freeman and Company Complementary DNA or cDNA cloning: cDNA library construction Note: ds cDNAs are typically placed in a cloning vector such as bacteriophage lambda (l) or a plasmid Bacteriophage l cloning system Bacteriophage l cloning system Cos sites at the left and right ends Cloning site There are several possible ways to screen a cDNA library •Using a DNA probe with a homologous sequence (e.g., a homologous cDNA or gene clone from a related species) •Using an oligonucleotide probe based on a known amino acid sequence (requires purification of the protein and some peptide sequencing) •Using an antibody against the protein of interest (note: this requires use of an expression vector) •Plus/minus or differential screening (the least specific way) Screening a cDNA library using DNA hybridization to a (radio-)labeled DNA probe Screening a cDNA library with a labeled oligonucleotide probe based on a known peptide sequence Using polynucleotide kinase and g-32P-labeled ATP to radiolabel oligonucleotide probes Immunological screening of an expression cDNA library with a primary antibody and labeled secondary antibody; note the label is often an enzyme label like alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase, but it can also be 125I Animations for two related uses of expression vectors • Expression cloning of receptor proteins-see MCB Chapter 5 • http://bcs.whfreeman.com/lodish7e/#800911__812046__ • Looking for protein-protein interactions with the yeast two hybrid system-see MCB Chapter 7 • http://bcs.whfreeman.com/lodish7e/#800911__812055__ Plus/min (+/-) or differential screening A cosmid cloning system: another possible cloning vector which can be used for genomic library but not for cDNA libraries In summary, you have seen: •How to make and screen gene libraries •How to make and screen cDNA libraries •Several different cloning vectors including plasmids, bacteriophage lambda (l), and cosmids