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Transcript
Biochemistry: Chemical Reactions in Living Cells Chemical Reactions in Living Cells • Chemical Reaction – Involves the making and breaking of chemical bonds – Represented as a “short statement”: 2 H2 O 2 H 2 + O2 How would you balance this? Does this happen on its own? • Activation Energy: The amount of energy needed to initiate a reaction Biochemistry: The unique properties of water δ+ δ- δ+ Water molecules are polar covalent bonds. They are attracted to other water molecules through relatively weak Hydrogen bonds. Biochemistry: The unique properties of water Can water form ions? Yes, at a very small rate (1 out of 500,000,000!) + H2O + H - + OH How would you quantify (count) this ionic disassociation? The pH scale The “power of Hydrogen” scale Increasingly Acidic Increasingly Basic Neutral Stomach Acid, lemon juice Vinegar, cola + <[H ] >[OH ] Tomato juice Black coffee; Rainwater Urine Pure water; Human blood [H+] = [OH-] Seawater Milk of magnesia Household ammonia Household bleach Oven cleaner + >[H ] <[OH ] Organic Compounds: An Overview Besides water, what elements and compounds are essential to life? Organic compounds 1. Mostly contain Carbon, Carbon Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur* H H H H H H O H C C C C C C O O O H O H H H H *For Homework: Left Side IntNB Assignment: Write an Acrostic Poem for the six elements often found in organic compounds Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates Can you believe that each of your cells contains about 2 meters of me? Hurry up, HiSugar, there! IMy Hey Lipids! You name is Polly sure am happy should have Peptide. Four categories of organic that you’re a more energy Carbohydrate stored up than a. Carbohydrates likethis! me. Organic compounds (continued…) 2. b. Lipids c. Proteins d. Nucleic Acids compounds: Awww, how Does this bond sweet! structure make me look fat? 3. All formed and separated in similar ways a. Formation (Polymerization): Dehydration Synthesis b. Separation: Hydrolysis Bonding: Polymerization Polymerization • Polymerization (definition): – Forming of large organic macromolecules by the joining of smaller repeating units called monomers Bonding: Polymerization: Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis • Dehydration Synthesis is the removal of a water molecule to form a new bond. HO 1 2 3 H HO Short Polymer Monomer H2O Dehydration removes a water molecule forming a new bond HO 1 2 H 3 4 H Bonding: Polymerization: Hydrolysis Hydrolysis • Polymers are broken by adding water. HO • Literally, “Water Splitting” 2 HO 1 2 3 4 H HO H Hydrolysis adds a water molecule to break a bond HO 1 2 3 Short Polymer H Monomer Bonding: Carbon Carbon = The element of life • Carbon’s Valence has ____ 4 electrons 4 elements • Can bond with ____ • Can form chains, rings, branches, & isomers What biological do C you think C C impact C C C isomers have on living systems? HO H HO OH C C C C H H H OH Bonding: The importance of chemical structure Thalidomide: an optical isomer Bonding: Bond Energy Bond energy • When bonds are broken, made, energy energy(E) (E)isis stored. for use. released Glucose: A Monosaccharide Fructose: A Monosaccharide Sucrose: A Disaccharide Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are: – an important energy (E) source – Cellular structures • Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 • General Formula (CH CH2O)n O Carbon Water = hydrate Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates: Monomers Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides (simple sugars) – Contain 3-7 Carbons each • Examples: Glucose Glucose, Galactose, Fructose Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates: Dimers Carbohydrates • Disaccharides (two sugars) • Examples: Sucrose Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose – Maltose = Glucose + Glucose – Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Glucose Fructose Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates: Polymers Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides (many sugars) • Examples: Starch Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Chloroplast Starch Liver Cell Cellulose Plant Cells Glycogen Plant Cells Organic Compounds: Lipids Lipids • Lipids function in: – Energy (E) storage, – forming cell membranes, – and as chemical messengers (e.g., hormones) • Nonpolar (hydrophobic) • Made up mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen (with a few Oxygen) Organic Compounds: Lipids: Fats Lipids 1. Fats (Triglycerides) – Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids – Saturated = No Double Bonds (solid) – Unsaturated = Double Bonds (liquid) OH OH OH OH OH Ester Bonds OH Organic Compounds: Lipids: Phospholipids Lipids 2. Phospholipids – Glycerol with Phosphate Head + 2 Fatty Acid Chains – Amphiphilic (“Both” “lover”) • • Hydrophilic headPhosphate Hydrophobic tail Glycerol – Forms 2 layers in water – Makes up cell membranes Fatty Acids Organic Compounds: Lipids: Sterols Lipids 3. Sterols OH – Lipids whose Carbon Skeleton consists of 4 fused rings O OH O – Includes: • • • HO Hormones Cholesterol Cortisol – Makes up cell membranes HO O Testosterone Estrogen OH Organic Compounds: Proteins Proteins • • Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (and some Sulfur) Many functions represented through different types of proteins Organic Compounds: Proteins: Functions Proteins I am completely ICatalysts am an enzyme. • Enzymes: that speed up the unchanged, and Hi sweeties, Do am the active site. I am going tomore try for some rate ofI you aready chemical reaction rememberbindsI am a product, too. The substrate tosucrose! convert you. – Build up orme? tobreak me. down Isubstrate am a fructose now. • Fit a together like a “lock” and a “key” I am now product. In addition what – Not used up in thetoreaction I am a glucose now. know. I am biological a – Work inyou a very specific range substrate. – Usually end with “-ase” Organic Compounds: Proteins: Functions Proteins • Structural Proteins – Provides mechanical support to cells and tissues • Transport Proteins – Transports small ions or molecules • Motor Proteins – Enables structures to move Organic Compounds: Proteins: Functions Proteins • Hormones (signaling proteins) – Carries signals from cell-to-cell – e.g., insulin • Storage – Stores small molecules or ions – e.g., iron is stored in the liver in ferritin • Other specialized functions – Defense (antibodies), – Receptor proteins (in eyes and muscles to detect stimulus) Organic Compounds: Proteins: Monomers Proteins • Monomers: Amino Acids – Peptide Bond: Bond between 2 Amino Acids: Amino end (NH2) and the Carboxyl end (COOH) R Group = Side Chains H2O Backbone Organic Compounds: Proteins: Monomers Proteins • R Groups (Side chains) – Differ in: • Size • Charge • Polarity • There are 20 protein-building Amino Acids – 9 Essential Amino Acids • Can’t be synthesized by the body, but are necessary forAmino life Acid Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Amino Acid Organic Compounds: Proteins: Polymers Proteins • • Polymers: Polypeptides “Many Peptides” Four Levels of Structure – – – – • Primary (1°) Secondary (2°) – H bonds Tertiary (3°) Quaternary (4°) – several polypeptides These specific shapes allow proteins to function Organic Compounds: Proteins: Denaturation Proteins • Denaturation – When the protein loses its shape, and becomes nonfunctional due to: – Changes in • • • • temperature pH salinity (salt concentration) alcohol concentration Organic Compounds: Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids • Nucleic Acids – Informational Polymers: Code for all of the proteins in an organism – Monomers: Nucleotides • Phosphate Group • 5-Carbon Sugar • Nitrogenous base Organic Compounds: Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Deoxyribo – Backbone sugar: Deoxyribose – Four Bases • • • • Cytosine Thymine Uracil Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) • RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) Adenine – Messenger RNA: mRNA conveys the instructions to build proteins from the genetic information in DNA – Differences from DNA: • Backbone sugar: Ribose • Uracil in place of Thymine Guanine Organic Compounds: Nucleic Acids and Proteins Flow of Information DNA RNA Protein