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Questions 26 - 35 Glucose Disposal – The Pathways 26. Parts of Glucose Disposal • Which process requires ATP? A. Addition of glucose from UDP-glucose to a growing glycogen chain once the glucose is activated, no more ATP needed 47 42 6 115 9 B. Conversion of glucose residues in glycogen to glucose 6phosphate phosphorolysis, uses just phosphate C. ANY of the reactions in the fatty acyl synthase complex (ie, from malonlyl-CoA to fatty acyl-CoA) energy was invested in making malonyl-CoA D. Carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to give malonyl-CoA E. Decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA very catabolic, yes 27. Choice of G6P fates • Which statement about the balance between glycogenesis and glycolysis in muscle after a carbohydrate meal is CORRECT? A. Consumption of ATP in glycogenesis stimulates glycolysis 103 22 44 26 19 Yes, PFK responds to lowering of ATP B. Insulin stimulates dephosphorylation of phosphofructokinase PFK not regulated by reversible phosphorylation C. Glucose 6-phosphate concentration rises about 100-fold and stimulates glycogen synthase G6P never gets that high in muscle – it inhibits HK D. Production of ATP in glycolysis is the major driving force for glycogenesis demand drives oxidation, not vice versa E. A rise in the level of ATP stimulates glycogen synthase tempting, but ATP already high and extra glycolysis not likely to make it higher 28. Glucokinase vs Hexokinase • 18 24 17 17 142 Which statement describes a genuine feature of glucokinase which is NOT shared by hexokinase? A. Glucokinase irreversibly produces glucose 6-phosphate from glucose both GK and HK make G6P from glucose – both ‘irreversible’c B. Glucokinase is inhibited by a build up of glucose 6-phosphate only HK is inhibited by G6P C. Glucokinase is stimulated by phosphorylation neither GK nor HK are regulted by reversible phosphorylation D. Glucokinase can work on any hexoses only HK can work on any hexose E. Glucokinase is not saturated by 10 mM glucose HK is saturated by 1 mM glucose, GK is not even saturated by 10 mM glucose 29. Glycogen Synthesis • 86 Which statement about the synthesis of glycogen from glucose is INCORRECT? A. The formation of UDP-glucose is facilitated by the joining of two phosphates to form pyrophosphate 50 sneaky! pyrophosphate is involve but it is hydrolysed 23 B. In UDP-glucose, the glucose residue is joined to UDP at the C1 end of glucose. 27 21 the C1 is the “activated” end C. Glycogen synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm most certainly D. Activated glucose residues on UDP-glucose form glycosidic bonds with the C-4 ends of the growing glycogen chain same as B E. UTP is regenerated by the reaction of UDP and ATP yes. forgot to mention that this year! 30. Glycogen Synthesis • Which statement is CORRECT? A. A rise in intracellular glucose concentration is sufficient to increase the rate of glycogenesis in liver 146 7 5 17 39 it is. Stimulates dephosphorylation of GS B. Liver does not have branching enzyme it does. Liver glycogen and muscle glycogen are the same C. The size of a glycogen molecule is unlimited in liver perhaps less restricted than muscle but not unlimited D. Glucose transport into liver requires insulin perhaps less restricted than muscle but not unlimited E. Liver glycogenesis can occur without a concomitant increase in a catabolic pathway all anabolic pathways must have a catabolic consequence! 31. Fructose metabolism • Which statement is CORRECT? A. Only the liver can dispose of fructose muscle can too 11 27 B. Fructose is trapped as fructose 6-phosphate in the liver no, as fructose 1-phosphate 26 C. A fructokinase deficiency would severely deplete ATP levels in liver after a meal containing fructose 16 would just stop trapping and the consumption of ATP 137 D. The liver cannot convert fructose into glucose F1P to triose phosphates, back up gluconeogenesis E. The aldolase involved in liver fructose metabolism is slow in comparison to the rate of fructose trapping this is what causes the ATP depletion 32. Insulin Action - WAT • In white adipose tissue, which process is NOT stimulated by insulin? A. The rate of glucose uptake 16 GLUT-4 stimulated B. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity PDH phosphatase activated 16 14 C. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity the main drive! 32 143 D. Expression of fatty acyl synthase E. Lipolysis inhibited by insulin it is (put down by high fat) 33. Lipogenesis – AcCoA transport • 103 19 Hydroxycitrate is an inhibitor of ATP-citrate lyase. What would be the MOST LIKELY consequence of adding hydroxycitrate to cells undergoing lipogenesis? A. The movement of acetyl-CoA into the cytoplasm would decrease ACL aids movement of acetyl CoA to cytoplasm B. Production of ATP would stop ACL not energy generating 47 8 35 C. Mitochondrial acetyl-CoA levels would rapidly deplete acCoA would stay in mito D. The rate of fatty acid production would increase inhibitor of lipogenesis E. Cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA levels would increase. stopping movement out will decrease cytosolic acCoA 34. Pentose Phosphate Pathway • 21 3 185 Which statement best describes the relationship between the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and lipogenesis? A. The PPP produces the glycerol needed for esterification of newly formed fatty acids it doesn’t produce glycerol B. Lipogenesis provides glycerol 3-phosphate for the PPP a nonsense statement 5 C. Lipogenesis uses NADPH produced by the PPP 3 D. The PPP provides ATP to fuel lipogenesis true! no ATP made by PPP E. The PPP is necessary to provide the carbon dioxide needed to produce malonyl-CoA carbon dioxide not in short supply 35. Fatty Acyl Synthase • Which statement regarding Fatty Acyl Synthase (FAS) is CORRECT? A. FAS is inhibited by insulin 17 15 17 14 153 FAS expression stimulated by insulin B. The order of reaction in FAS is (in sequence) oxidation, dehydration, and oxidation involves reduction C. FAS decides if a fatty acid is to be desaturated during lipogenesis. Once a saturated fatty acid has been made, it cannot be unsaturated. FAs can be unsaturated at C9 or less D. FAS incorporates carbon dioxide into the growing fatty acid chain the CO2 that makes malonyl-CoA is lost in FAS E. During the elongation step, the two new carbon atoms are added to the carboxy- end of the growing fatty acid reactive unit is the acetyl – growing chain moves to this