Download Biomolecule Notes

Biomolecules
Macromolecules
Bio 9.A
Compare the structures
and functions of
different types of
biomolecules including
carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic
acids.
(READINESS STANDARD)
Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots
Poly – Many
Mono - One
Hydro - Water
Synthesis - to make or form
Lysis - loosen or break apart
Lipos – fat
Bio – life
Macro – very large in scale
Carbon Compounds
Life as we know it is carbon
based. 95% of all carbon
compounds are organic.
A carbon atom can form
chemical bonds with other
carbon atoms in long
chains or rings.
Carbon Compounds in living
things include:
Carbohydrates, lipids,
nucleic acids, and proteins
(these are called
macromolecules).
Macromolecule Analogy
City
Cell
Building
Organelle
Brick
Macromolecule
Many
individual
small
molecules are
known as
monomers
Together, these
same molecules
can combine to
form a polymer
Polymers and Monomers
POLYMER
Carbohydrates
(Polysaccharides)
Lipids (e.g. fats)
MONOMER
Protein
Monosaccharides
(simple sugars)
Glycerol and Fatty
Acids
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
Dehydration Synthesis
The
chemical process of joining
monomers to form polymers. At the end
of each monomer is a (H) hydrogen atom
and a (-OH) group. Every time a
monomer is added a molecule of water is
given off.
Hydrolysis
The
chemical breakdown of
polymers into monomers through the
addition of water; essentially the
opposite of dehydration synthesis
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are energyrich compounds made
from carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen.
Cells use carbohydrates to
get and store energy.
Carbohydrates are also
called sugars or starches.
Carbohydrates
Plant cells store energy as starch.
Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant
starches.
Carbohydrates
FUNCTION
Quick and short term energy
FOUND IN
Breads, Pastas, Potatoes, Corn
STUCTURE
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
(CHO) Unique because they always
have a 1:2:1 ratio
MONOSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES
Glucose (C6H12O6)
DISACCHARIDE EXAMPLES
Lactose (milk sugar)
Maltose (malt sugar-in grain),
Sucrose (made of fructose & maltose
combined-in sugar cane) (C12H22O11)
100 to 1000 monosaccharides joined
POLYSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES
Starch-how carbohydrates are stored
in plants
Glycogen-how carbohydrates are
stored in animals
Cellulose-found in plant cell walls;
animals cannot digest (Fiber)
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Lipids
Lipids are made by cells to
store energy for long
periods of time.
Lipids include fats, oils, and
waxes.
Can you think of examples of
lipids in plants or animals?
Lipids
FUNCTION
Long term energy storage
Insulate against heat loss
Protective cushion around organs
FOUND IN
Fatty foods, butter, margarine, cooking
oils
STUCTURE
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (on
occasion other elements)
Glycerol (backbone 3 Carbons with -OH
groups) and fatty acid tail/s
Don’t dissolve in water
FATS and OILS (Triglycerides)
One glycerol with 3 fatty acid tail
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Make up cell membranes contain C,H, O
and phosphorus (2 fatty acid tails)
WAXES
STEROIDS
Only 1 fatty acid tail with alcohol
attached; protective coating on fruits
etc.
Includes cholesterol, female and male
sex hormone
Lipids
GLYCEROL BACKBONE
1 Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid tails.
Dehydration Synthesis of Fats:
Fats are also known as triglycerides!!
Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids all attached by
dehydration synthesis.
How many water molecules are made?
Saturated Fats:
Contain no double bonds between carbons!
Carbons are “saturated”
with hydrogen.
SOLID at room temperature!!!
Ex: Butter, lard,
shortening, bacon
No DOUBLE bonds!!!
(saturated with hydrogen)
Nice and smooth and straight… so
they pack tightly to form a solid!
Unsaturated fats!
Have double bonds between carbons!
Liquid at room temperature!
Ex: Oils
Double bonds make them crinkle and
not pack as tightly!
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Lipids
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Proteins
 Proteins
are very
large molecules
made of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur.
 Protein molecules
are made of smaller
molecules called
amino acids.
Proteins
FUNCTION
Building blocks of living materials; compose
structural parts such as keratin in hair and
nails, antibodies, cartilage, bones,
ligaments and enzymes (compounds that
speed up reactions)
FOUND IN
Meat, Eggs and Cheese
STUCTURE
Much larger, more complex than
carbohydrates and lipids . Contain Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen.
BUILDING BLOCKS
Amino Acids (There are 20 different amino
acids)
Hold amino acids together (dipeptides,
tripeptides, polypeptides)
PEPTIDE BONDS
DENATURATION
When proteins are exposed to extreme
changes in pH, temperature etc. they lose
their shape and can no longer function.
Proteins
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Proteins - Amino Acids
R group makes each amino acid different
There are 20 different amino acids.
Polymers.
Amino acids:joined by peptide bonds
(dehydration synthesis again!!)
Dipeptide (two amino acids)
Polypeptide (many amino acids)
What is made each time A.A. are joined?____
Order of A.A. determines shape of protein
Shape determines FUNCTION!
Denaturing of a protein
Denatured = misshapen
Causes: temperature, pH, salt concentration, and
other environmental factors
THINK about what happens when you grill a steak!!
Or chicken! Or Fry an Egg! (or boil Egg)
Nucleic Acid
 Nucleic
acids are compounds made of long,
repeating chains called nucleotides.
 DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the
information cells need to make all of their
proteins.
Nucleic Acid
FUNCTION
Important for growth & reproduction of
cells, contains the genetic code (what
genes are made from)
FOUND IN
Genes – 2 types DNA and RNA
STUCTURE
Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose),
phosphate, nitrogen bases
BUILDING BLOCKS
Nucleotides
ATP
A nucleic acid that is made in the cell’s
mitochondria. Glucose is converted
into ATP.
DNA is known for its twisted ladder
shape
SHAPE
Nucleic Acid
This is a
polymer
Nucleotide of a polymer
This is a
monomer
Nucleic Acid - DNA
Some scientists refer to
DNA as the “blueprints”
for life.
What is a blueprint and
why might scientists use
this “analogy”?
WHAT DO YOU
KNOW?
NOTICE:
C,H,O and
the 2:1 ratio
of H to O
NOTICE:
the twisted
shape of
DNA
NOTICE:
The Glycerol
back bone
and fatty
acid tails
NOTICE:
The amino
acid
monomers
CHROMOSOME
NOTICE:
The
phospate,
sugar and
base
NOTICE:
The
nitrogen
and Rgroup