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Biochemistry
Bio I Honors
Rupp
1
Water



Two hydrogens and
one oxygen bonded
covalently
Electrons are not
shared equally—
oxygen is very
electronegative
The uneven charge is
known as polarity
◦ Oxygen is negative
◦ Hydrogens are positive
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Polarity

The uneven charge
of water is what
makes it good at
dissolving other
substances
◦ Sugars
◦ Proteins
◦ Ionic compounds
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Water’s Physical Properties
High surface tension
 High specific heat
 Cohesion

◦ Attractive force
between particles that
are the same

Capillarity
 Universal solvent
 Neutral pH
 Hydrogen bonding

Adhesion
◦ Attractive force
between unlike
particles
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Surface tension
Cohesion
Water’s Physical Properties
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Adhesion
Hydrogen bonds
Water’s Physical Properties
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Carbon Compounds

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Carbon has four outer electrons
Carbon can form how many bonds?
Types of bonds
◦ Single
◦ Double
◦ Triple

Structures
◦ Straight chains
◦ Branched
◦ Rings
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Carbon Structure
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Carbon Structure
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Functional Groups
Group Name
Group Structure
Alcohol
-OH
Aldehyde
-CHO
Ketone
-CO
Carboxylic acid
-COOH
Amine
-NH2
Phosphate
-PO4
Sulfhydryl
-SH
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Polymers


Macromolecules or polymers are built from
single units called monomers
Dehydration synthesis or condensation
reaction joins two monomers
◦ Water is lost
◦ Building

Hydrolysis reactions break apart polymers
into monomers
◦ Water is added
◦ Breaking

Energy used for both processes—ATP
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Dehydration Synthesis vs.
Hydrolysis
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Carbohydrates
Composed of
carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen
 Sugars

◦ Monosaccharides
◦ Disaccharides
◦ Polysaccharides
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Monosaccharides
Basic formula is
C6H12O6
 Triose—3 carbons
 Pentose—5 carbons
 Hexose—6 carbons

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Disaccharides

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Basic formula is
C12H22O11
Two monosaccharides
have been linked and a
water lost
The bond holding the
sugars together is a
glycosidic bond
Isomers—same
chemical formula with
different structures
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Storage
Structural
Starch
 Simplest starch is amylose,
which is found in plants
 Amylopectin is more
complex with more
branches
 Glycogen is a highly
branched animal starch


Cellulose and chitin
 Cellulose is the most
abundant organic
compound on Earth
 Chitin is found in shells of
crustaceans and insects
Polysaccharides
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Proteins
Made of carbon, hydrogen,
and nitrogen
 Monomers are amino acids
linked through dehydration
synthesis
 Essential amino acids—
need to be consumed
because your body cannot
make them

Lysine and tryptophan are
two amino acids
 Poorly represented in
vegetarian diets
 Lysine is found in chicken,
turkey, potatoes, cheese,
soy, eggs, milk, fish, and beef
 Tryptophan is found in
almonds, cabbage, kidney
beans, lima beans, oats,
pistachios, poppy seeds,
spinach, and wheat

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Proteins con’t.
Peptide bond is the
bond between amino
acids
 Many amino acids
means many peptide
bonds, hence
proteins are referred
to as polypeptides

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Proteins con’t.

What are proteins good for?
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Structural support
Storage of food sources
Transport proteins
Hormones
Antibodies
Enzymes
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Proteins con’t.

Different protein
shapes
◦ Globular
◦ Fibrous
◦ Membranous

Enzymes
◦ Special proteins that
speed up reactions;
biological catalysts
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Lipids
Fatty acid chains—
referred to as acids
because of the
carboxylic acid
functional group
 Two subgroups

◦ Saturated
◦ Unsaturated
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Saturated
Unsaturated
Solid at room temperature
 Found mostly in animals
 No double bonds between
carbons




Liquid at room
temperature
Found mostly in plants
Double bonds between
carbons
Lipids con’t.
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Lipids con’t.

Trans fatty acids—
also known as
partially
hydrogenated fats
(check food labels)
◦ Not good for you
◦ Manufactured to have
more taste than
unsaturated fatty acids
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Omega 3 Fatty Acids—Good Lipids


Help in cell membrane
formation—keeps them
flexible
Deficiencies linked to:
◦
◦
◦
◦
Decreased mental ability
Poor vision
Increased blood clots
Diminished immune
function
◦ High blood pressure
◦ Learning disorders
◦ Growth retardation

Found in:
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Walnuts
Pumpkin seeds
Brazil nuts
Avocados
Spinach
Collard greens
Salmon
Mackerel
Albacore tuna
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Omega 6 Fatty Acids—Good Lipids

Help improve:
◦
◦
◦
◦
Diabetic neuropathy
Rheumatoid arthritis
PMS
Skin disorders such as
psoriasis and eczema

Found in:
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◦
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Grapeseed oil
Pumpkin seeds
Pinenuts
Pistachios
Raw sunflower seeds
Olives
Chicken
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Phospholipids
Very similar to fatty
acids except there is
a phosphate group
attached
 Polar phosphate
group and non-polar
fatty acids
 Found in cell
membranes

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Waxes
A type of structural
lipid
 Highly waterproof

◦ Found on plant leaves
to prevent water loss
◦ Also found on animals
as a protective layer
against
microorganisms, Ex.,
earwax
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Nucleic Acids

DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid
◦ “deoxy” implies a certain sugar type

RNA—ribonucleic acid
◦ “ribo” implies a certain sugar type
Both are composed of thousands of monomers
called nucleotides
 Three parts to each

◦ Phosphate
◦ Sugar
◦ Nitrogenous base

Monomers are connected by phosphodiester
bonds
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Nucleic Acids con’t.
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Nucleic Acids con’t.
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