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Design in Biology The Great Controversy: How did we get here? Material causes only? A cause beyond material causes--a transcendent creator? Design in Biology Which One is Designed? The Appearance of Design is Recognized in Biology “Biology is the study of complicated things that give the appearance of having been designed for a purpose.” (Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker) “Biologists must constantly keep in mind that what they see was not designed, but rather evolved.” (Crick, What Mad Pursuit) Question: Is there a design substitute, or is the design from an intelligent source? A Little Biochemistry Life’s Building Blocks Atoms--the building blocks of matter (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and others) Molecules--combination of atoms bound together by electrical forces (water, sugar, salt, amino acids, and many others) Amino Acids--molecules that are the building blocks of proteins Proteins--folded chains of amino acids that form the structural building blocks and machinery in cells Cells--the building blocks of living organisms DNA--a long, ladder-like molecule, found in a cell’s nucleus, that stores the information (code or directions) for building proteins, cells, and organisms (deoxyribonucleic acid) Mutation--an error in the DNA code Cells are the Basic Building Blocks of Living Organisms 1839, Schleiden & Schwann proposed that cells are the smallest, most fundamental unit of life. Until the late 19th century, cells were thought to be simple bags of protoplasm. In the late 19th century, scientists started discovering that cells contain compounds which undergo complex chemical reactions. Today, we see: The Cell Has Staggering Complexity Separate compartments with unique chemical environments and controlled access passages between compartments A molecular transportation network to supply raw materials and distribute finished products Microprocessor regulation of gene expression, growth, repair, and response to environmental conditions Molecular protein machines that do cell work Cargo haulers Cables, ropes, pulleys Switches Energy conversion Unzipping, reading, and duplicating DNA From Unlocking the Mystery of Life Propulsion Manufacturing A library containing information that specifies all the above (DNA) See M. Behe, Darwin’s Black Box, pg 4-5. Proteins Form the Cell’s Structure and Machinery Phenylalanine Histidine Leucine Glutamine Amino acids are molecules. Isoleucine Asparagine Methionine Lysine There are 20 different amino acids used in proteins. Valine Aspartic acid Serine Glutamic acid Proline Cysteine There are hundreds to thousands of amino acids in a protein string. Threonine Tryptophan Alanine Arginine Thyrosine Glycine A Protein is a String of Amino acids. From Darwin’s Black Box The Amino Acid String Folds into a Precise Three Dimensional Shape. Shape and charges on the protein’s surface determine interaction with other proteins and molecules. Many proteins have the characteristics of a microprocessor combined with a functional machine. They are sometimes called enzymes. DNA Polymerase From David Keller DNA is a Molecule that Folds and Twists Into a Chromosome Chromosome Chromosome pairs (One from Mother, one from Father) humans 23 apes 24 dogs 39 flowering plants >100 Our 46 chromosomes are made of 3 billion base pairs. base pair molecules sugar & phosphate molecules DNA Harris; DDD-V; September 2004 DNA Has a Ladder-like Structure Phosphate Base Sugar A Sugar and phosphate molecules form the sides. Base T Base molecules form the rungs. C G G C T A There are 4 types of base molecules: Adenine--Thiamine Cytosine--Guanine A & T always go together. C & G always go together. Sequences of Bases Form a Code for Building Proteins A “gene” is a section of the DNA molecule that specifies how to build a protein. Genes make up roughly 2% of DNA. The other 98% was called “junk” DNA (more later). Instead of a sequence of letters that form words and ideas, DNA uses a sequence of molecules (bases) as a code that gives directions for protein assembly and regulation. Three base molecules in a row (a codon) specify an amino acid. DNA Sequences of codons specify the sequence of amino acids to be used in assembling a protein. GCT = Alanine AAA= Lysine TCT = Serine TTT = Phenylalanine Base Pairs Is 98% of DNA “Junk?” Until the mid-1990s, 98% of DNA was classified as “junk”—left over from the random mutation process. Now, we know that some of it has a regulatory function. Recent research (ENCODE project) shows that at least 80% of “junk” DNA is transcribed and probably has an important function: Information organization, alignment and indexing Cell, gene and protein regulation Cell division and differentiation Alternative splicing DNA stability Wells, The Myth of Junk DNA How the DNA-Protein Process Works 1 (Greatly Simplified) A protein machine, RNA polymerase, reads the base molecules in a DNA gene. It copies the base sequence to make a messenger RNA (mRNA) Molecule. RNA Polymerase The structure of RNA has a single strand, sugar-phosphate backbone with bases attached. The bases are the same as for DNA except uracil is substituted for thiamine. mRNA From Unlocking the Mystery of Life How the DNA-Protein Process Works 2 (Greatly Simplified) The mRNA is transported out of the nucleus to a protein manufacturing machine called a ribosome. Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA). The ribosome uses the mRNA as a template to assemble amino acids into a string. Robosome The string of amino acids folds, with help from another machine, into a functioning protein. Protein assembly From Unlocking the Mystery of Life Journey Inside the Cell Video Design in Proteins Molecular Machines Molecular Machines--DNA Polymerase Copies Genetic Information NTP PPi ssDNA Internal movements Chemical reactions dsDNA Thermal motion From David Keller, Ph.D. Biophysical Chemistry, UNM Molecular Machines--The Ribosome The ribosome is a molecular machine made of 50 proteins that uses mRNA as a template to assemble amino acids, brought to it by tRNA, into proteins. Molecular Machines--F1F0 ATP Synthase This machine is imbedded in the wall of a mitochondria. H+ powers a protein motor that drives a turbine that attaches P to ADP to make ATP for cell energy. Or it works in reverse to pump H+. Kinesin Video Molecular Machines--Bacterial Flagellum From Behe; Darwin’s Black Box, p 71. Originally fromVoet and Voet Unlocking the Mystery of Life Video Design in DNA DNA Uses a Code and Contains Information The entire DNA code contains roughly the same quantity of information as 300 encyclopedia volumes. The information in DNA is highly organized with efficient data retrieval, cross references, and a sophisticated hierarchical structure. Bill Gates said: “DNA is like a computer program but far, far more advanced than any software ever created.” All known codes have an intelligent cause: Computer codes Written language Morse code Numbers Construction plans Both Proteins and DNA are Required for Reproduction The information from DNA is read by molecular reading machines and transferred to molecular manufacturing machines. Molecular manufacturing machines use the information from DNA to assemble amino acids into proteins. Proteins form the molecular machines that replicate DNA during cell reproduction. Evolution requires reproduction. Reproduction requires the interdependent system of DNA and molecular machines. This interdependent system is evidence for design. Unzipping from Unlocking the Mystery of Life Video Conclusion: How Can We Explain Design In Biology? Genesis 1: In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth and every living thing according to its kind. Rom 1:20 For since the creation of the world, God's invisible qualities-his eternal power and divine nature-have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse. Reading The Mystery of Life’s Origin; Thaxton, Bradley, Olson, 1984 Evolution: A Theory in Crisis; Michael Denton, 1986 Darwin on Trial; Phillip Johnson, 1993 Darwin’s Black Box; Michael Behe, 1996 Nature’s Destiny; Michael Denton, 1998 Intelligent Design; William Dembski, 1999 Icons of Evolution; Jonathan Wells, 2000 The Edge of Evolution; Michael Behe, 2007 Signature in the Cell; Stephen C. Meyer, 2009 The Myth of Junk DNA; Jonathan Wells, 2011 Darwin’s Doubt; Stephen Meyer, 2013 Internet Discovery.org IntelligentDesignNetwork.org NMIDnet.org ARN.org