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Chapter 5 Review
Explain the need for the production of genetically
identical cells within an organism, and hence for
precise control of nuclear division
• Cells fxn together to part of whole
• What happens when there are errors in DNA
replication (mutation) or mitosis (cells with
extra or missing chromosomes)
– Cell undergoes apoptosis (programmed cell death)
OR
– Cell develops dangerous mutations (ex: cancer)
Outline the cell cycle, including growth,
DNA replication, mitosis and cytokinesis
• Interphase is NOT rest! Cell is very active during interphase
• G1: Gap 1 – Cell GROWS to regain size lost from mitosis,
replicates organelles, carries out normal cell functions
– G1 checkpoint: cell will continue to S phase (and continue on to
mitosis) OR cell will enter G0
• S: Synthesis – DNA is replicated. Each individual
chromosome is copied exactly as a sister chromatid.
Chromosomes will take on “X” like structure and
chromatids are connected @ centromere
• G2: Gap 2 – Cell checks DNA for errors and prepares for
mitosis (replicates centrioles, makes microtubulues)
– Undergoes final checkpoint (If fail=apoptosis)
Describe the behavior of chromosomes, nuclear
envelope, CSM, centrioles, and spindles during
the mitotic cell cycle
• When do chromosomes condense (pro)
• Nuclear envelope: breaks apart into vesicles in
prophase and reforms in telophase
• When do sister chromatids separate
(anaphase)
– At what structure (centromere)
Name and describe the stages of
mitosis
• Be able to identify and
describe: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase,
telophase
• Know order!
Explain the need for reduction division
(meiosis)
• Sexual reproduction
• Basis of genetic variation
• Know key differences between mitosis and
meiosis (diploid vs haploid, # of chromosomes
produces, # of cells produced)
Explain how uncontrolled cell division can result in the
formation of a tumor, and identify factors that can
increase the chances of cancerous growth
• Know 4 factors that increase chance of cancer
developing
• know diff. between mutagen and carcinogen
• Oncogenes
• Benign vs. malignant tumors
Chapter 6 Review
Describe the structure of DNA and RNA,
including the importance of base pairing and
hydrogen bonding
Feature
DNA
RNA
Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Nucleotides
Adenine, thymine,
cytosine, guanine
Adenine, uracil, cytosine,
guanine
Structure
Double helix
Single stranded
• Know base pairing rules! (A-T, C-G in DNA, A-U, C-G in RNA)
• Know purine vs pyrimidine
• Know how many hydrogen bonds are formed between bases (A-T
= 2, C-G = 3)
• Individual strands are connected by hydrogen bonds
• Sugar phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases in the middle
Explain how DNA replicates semiconservatively during interphase
• Meselson and
Stahl experiment
• Know conservative
vs.
semiconservative
vs. dispersive and
why each are
incorrect
State that a polypeptide is coded for by a gene, and
that a gene is a sequence of nucleotides that forms part
of a DNA molecule
• A single strand of DNA contains thousands of
genes
• 1 gene = 1 protein
Describe the way in which the nucleotide
sequence codes for the amino acid sequence in
the polypeptide
• Transcription: in nucleus. mRNA molecule is
made from DNA sequence
• mRNA leaves nucleus and goes to ribosome
• Translation: tRNA anticodons pair with codons on
mRNA (read in triplets). Amino acids connected
to tRNA molecules form peptide bonds to form
polypeptide
• Several ribosomes translate a single mRNA
molecule simultaneously to make several
identical protein molecules from single mRNA
sequence
Describe the effects of substitution, deletion,
insertion, and frameshift mutations
• Substitution: single switch of nucleotides.
Usually silent (meaning same amino acid is
coed for) but can be lethal (ex: sickle cell)
• Frameshift: change reading frame of triplet
code
– Insertion: base(s) are added
– Deletion base(s) are removed
Be able to use and interpret a codon chart
• Specifically this one
• Chart is read from
mRNA not DNA or
tRNA!!!!
• ONLY start translating at
the START codon.
(Protein does not start
with AUG but
immediately after it.
However, any time AUG
appears after start the
amino acid methionine
is added.)
• STOP when stop codon
is reached
• Describe the structure of DNA and RNA, including the importance
of base pairing and hydrogen bonding
• Explain how DNA replicates semi-conservatively during interphase
• State that a polypeptide is coded for by a gene, and that a gene is a
sequence of nucleotides that forms part of a DNA molecule
• Describe the way in which the nucleotide sequence codes for the
amino acid sequence in the polypeptide
• Describe the effects of substitution, deletion, insertion, and
frameshift mutations
• Describe how the information is used during transcription and
translation to construct polypeptides, including the roles of mRNA
and tRNA
• Be able to use and interpret a codon chart
• Describe the structure of DNA and RNA, including the importance
of base pairing and hydrogen bonding
• Explain how DNA replicates semi-conservatively during interphase
• State that a polypeptide is coded for by a gene, and that a gene is a
sequence of nucleotides that forms part of a DNA molecule
• Describe the way in which the nucleotide sequence codes for the
amino acid sequence in the polypeptide
• Describe the effects of substitution, deletion, insertion, and
frameshift mutations
• Describe how the information is used during transcription and
translation to construct polypeptides, including the roles of mRNA
and tRNA
• Be able to use and interpret a codon chart