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Chapter 5 Review Explain the need for the production of genetically identical cells within an organism, and hence for precise control of nuclear division • Cells fxn together to part of whole • What happens when there are errors in DNA replication (mutation) or mitosis (cells with extra or missing chromosomes) – Cell undergoes apoptosis (programmed cell death) OR – Cell develops dangerous mutations (ex: cancer) Outline the cell cycle, including growth, DNA replication, mitosis and cytokinesis • Interphase is NOT rest! Cell is very active during interphase • G1: Gap 1 – Cell GROWS to regain size lost from mitosis, replicates organelles, carries out normal cell functions – G1 checkpoint: cell will continue to S phase (and continue on to mitosis) OR cell will enter G0 • S: Synthesis – DNA is replicated. Each individual chromosome is copied exactly as a sister chromatid. Chromosomes will take on “X” like structure and chromatids are connected @ centromere • G2: Gap 2 – Cell checks DNA for errors and prepares for mitosis (replicates centrioles, makes microtubulues) – Undergoes final checkpoint (If fail=apoptosis) Describe the behavior of chromosomes, nuclear envelope, CSM, centrioles, and spindles during the mitotic cell cycle • When do chromosomes condense (pro) • Nuclear envelope: breaks apart into vesicles in prophase and reforms in telophase • When do sister chromatids separate (anaphase) – At what structure (centromere) Name and describe the stages of mitosis • Be able to identify and describe: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase • Know order! Explain the need for reduction division (meiosis) • Sexual reproduction • Basis of genetic variation • Know key differences between mitosis and meiosis (diploid vs haploid, # of chromosomes produces, # of cells produced) Explain how uncontrolled cell division can result in the formation of a tumor, and identify factors that can increase the chances of cancerous growth • Know 4 factors that increase chance of cancer developing • know diff. between mutagen and carcinogen • Oncogenes • Benign vs. malignant tumors Chapter 6 Review Describe the structure of DNA and RNA, including the importance of base pairing and hydrogen bonding Feature DNA RNA Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Nucleotides Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine Structure Double helix Single stranded • Know base pairing rules! (A-T, C-G in DNA, A-U, C-G in RNA) • Know purine vs pyrimidine • Know how many hydrogen bonds are formed between bases (A-T = 2, C-G = 3) • Individual strands are connected by hydrogen bonds • Sugar phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases in the middle Explain how DNA replicates semiconservatively during interphase • Meselson and Stahl experiment • Know conservative vs. semiconservative vs. dispersive and why each are incorrect State that a polypeptide is coded for by a gene, and that a gene is a sequence of nucleotides that forms part of a DNA molecule • A single strand of DNA contains thousands of genes • 1 gene = 1 protein Describe the way in which the nucleotide sequence codes for the amino acid sequence in the polypeptide • Transcription: in nucleus. mRNA molecule is made from DNA sequence • mRNA leaves nucleus and goes to ribosome • Translation: tRNA anticodons pair with codons on mRNA (read in triplets). Amino acids connected to tRNA molecules form peptide bonds to form polypeptide • Several ribosomes translate a single mRNA molecule simultaneously to make several identical protein molecules from single mRNA sequence Describe the effects of substitution, deletion, insertion, and frameshift mutations • Substitution: single switch of nucleotides. Usually silent (meaning same amino acid is coed for) but can be lethal (ex: sickle cell) • Frameshift: change reading frame of triplet code – Insertion: base(s) are added – Deletion base(s) are removed Be able to use and interpret a codon chart • Specifically this one • Chart is read from mRNA not DNA or tRNA!!!! • ONLY start translating at the START codon. (Protein does not start with AUG but immediately after it. However, any time AUG appears after start the amino acid methionine is added.) • STOP when stop codon is reached • Describe the structure of DNA and RNA, including the importance of base pairing and hydrogen bonding • Explain how DNA replicates semi-conservatively during interphase • State that a polypeptide is coded for by a gene, and that a gene is a sequence of nucleotides that forms part of a DNA molecule • Describe the way in which the nucleotide sequence codes for the amino acid sequence in the polypeptide • Describe the effects of substitution, deletion, insertion, and frameshift mutations • Describe how the information is used during transcription and translation to construct polypeptides, including the roles of mRNA and tRNA • Be able to use and interpret a codon chart • Describe the structure of DNA and RNA, including the importance of base pairing and hydrogen bonding • Explain how DNA replicates semi-conservatively during interphase • State that a polypeptide is coded for by a gene, and that a gene is a sequence of nucleotides that forms part of a DNA molecule • Describe the way in which the nucleotide sequence codes for the amino acid sequence in the polypeptide • Describe the effects of substitution, deletion, insertion, and frameshift mutations • Describe how the information is used during transcription and translation to construct polypeptides, including the roles of mRNA and tRNA • Be able to use and interpret a codon chart