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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Clicker Questions by Scott Meissner © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cellular respiration can best be described as a) using energy released from breaking high-energy covalent bonds in organic molecules to force ATP formation from ADP and phosphate. b) taking electrons from food and giving them to phosphate to make ATP. c) taking electrons from food and giving them to oxygen to make water and using the energy released to drive ATP formation. d) converting higher-energy organic molecules to lowerenergy organic molecules and using the energy released to drive ATP formation. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cellular respiration can best be described as a) using energy released from breaking high-energy covalent bonds in organic molecules to force ATP formation from ADP and phosphate. b) taking electrons from food and giving them to phosphate to make ATP. c) taking electrons from food and giving them to oxygen to make water and using the energy released to drive ATP formation. d) converting higher-energy organic molecules to lowerenergy organic molecules and using the energy released to drive ATP formation. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true? a) It splits water. b) It produces FADH2. c) It occurs in the cytoplasm. d) It makes the most ATP compared to the two other steps. e) It splits lipids. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true? a) It splits water. b) It produces FADH2. c) It occurs in the cytoplasm. d) It makes the most ATP compared to the two other steps. e) It splits lipids. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is true? a) It occurs during the movement from the cytosol through the mitochondrial membranes. b) It makes ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. c) It makes the most ATP compared to the other steps. d) It occurs in the eukaryotic cytoplasm. e) It splits glucose. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is true? a) It occurs during the movement from the cytosol through the mitochondrial membranes. b) It makes ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. c) It makes the most ATP compared to the other steps. d) It occurs in the eukaryotic cytoplasm. e) It splits glucose. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What do cells require to sustain high rates of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions? a) functioning mitochondria b) oxygen c) oxidative phosphorylation of ATP d) NAD e) All of the above are correct. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What do cells require to sustain high rates of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions? a) functioning mitochondria b) oxygen c) oxidative phosphorylation of ATP d) NAD e) All of the above are correct. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Drugs known as uncouplers facilitate diffusion of protons across the membrane. Brown fat can generate heat without ATP by using uncouplers. With an uncoupler, what will happen to ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption if the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle stay the same? a) Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will decrease. b) ATP synthesis will decrease; oxygen consumption will greatly increase. c) ATP synthesis will increase; oxygen consumption will decrease. d) Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will increase. e) ATP synthesis will decrease; oxygen consumption will stay roughly the same. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Drugs known as uncouplers facilitate diffusion of protons across the membrane. Brown fat can generate heat without ATP by using uncouplers. With an uncoupler, what will happen to ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption if the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle stay the same? a) Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will decrease. b) ATP synthesis will decrease; oxygen consumption will greatly increase. c) ATP synthesis will increase; oxygen consumption will decrease. d) Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will increase. e) ATP synthesis will decrease; oxygen consumption will stay roughly the same. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The hydrogens taken from glucose or a breakdown product of glucose are added to oxygen, releasing energy to a) actively transport H into the intermembrane space. b) actively transport NAD into the intermembrane space. c) actively transport Na into the matrix. d) power facilitated diffusion of H into the matrix. e) actively transport H into the matrix. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The hydrogens taken from glucose or a breakdown product of glucose are added to oxygen, releasing energy to a) actively transport H into the intermembrane space. b) actively transport NAD into the intermembrane space. c) actively transport Na into the matrix. d) power facilitated diffusion of H into the matrix. e) actively transport H into the matrix. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ATP synthase at the inner mitochondrial membrane makes ATP and water, from ADP and phosphate, by coupling this to which other process? a) allowing H to move down its electrochemical gradient b) allowing H to move against its electrochemical gradient c) facilitated diffusion of H d) active transport of H e) active transport of Na © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ATP synthase at the inner mitochondrial membrane makes ATP and water, from ADP and phosphate, by coupling this to which other process? a) allowing H to move down its electrochemical gradient b) allowing H to move against its electrochemical gradient c) facilitated diffusion of H d) active transport of H e) active transport of Na © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Newborn mammals have a specialized organ called brown fat, where cells burn fat to CO2 without capturing the energy to reduce electron carriers or drive ATP formation. How can this energy be used instead? a) to synthesize glucose from CO2 b) to directly power muscle contraction c) to provide energy for endergonic biosynthetic reactions d) to generate heat © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Newborn mammals have a specialized organ called brown fat, where cells burn fat to CO2 without capturing the energy to reduce electron carriers or drive ATP formation. How can this energy be used instead? a) to synthesize glucose from CO2 b) to directly power muscle contraction c) to provide energy for endergonic biosynthetic reactions d) to generate heat © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What is the purpose of fermentation reactions? a) to regenerate NAD so glycolysis can continue b) to make alcohol or lactic acid that cells can metabolize for energy under anaerobic conditions c) to make additional ATP when respiration can’t make ATP fast enough d) to slow down cellular oxygen consumption when oxygen is scarce e) to make organic molecules that cells can store until oxygen becomes available © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What is the purpose of fermentation reactions? a) to regenerate NAD so glycolysis can continue b) to make alcohol or lactic acid that cells can metabolize for energy under anaerobic conditions c) to make additional ATP when respiration can’t make ATP fast enough d) to slow down cellular oxygen consumption when oxygen is scarce e) to make organic molecules that cells can store until oxygen becomes available © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. During intense exercise, muscles lack sufficient oxygen, so which process will these muscles mainly use? a) alcoholic fermentation b) the citric acid cycle c) only glycolysis, with NAD not utilized d) lactic acid fermentation e) chemiosmosis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. During intense exercise, muscles lack sufficient oxygen, so which process will these muscles mainly use? a) alcoholic fermentation b) the citric acid cycle c) only glycolysis, with NAD not utilized d) lactic acid fermentation e) chemiosmosis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Because of differences in their initial oxidation state, the full oxidation of a single carbon molecule can result in different free energy changes, even though each forms just one CO2 molecule. Which choice correctly matches the reactions shown with the proper relative energy change in attojoules (1 aJ 10-18 J)? 1. CH4 2 O2 → CO2 2 H2O 2. CH3OH 3/2 O2 → CO2 2 H2O 3. H2CO O2 → CO2 H2O 4. HCOOH 1/2 O2 → CO2 H2O a) 1: 0.32 aJ; 2 0.57 aJ; 3 0.89 aJ; 4 1.14 aJ b) 1: 0.32 aJ; 2 1.14 aJ; 3 0.89 aJ; 4 0.57 aJ c) 1: 0.57 aJ; 2 0.32 aJ; 3 1.14 aJ; 4 0.89 aJ d) 1: 0.89 aJ; 2 0.32 aJ; 3 0.57 aJ; 4 1.14 aJ e) 1: 1.14 aJ; 2 0.89 aJ; 3 0.57 aJ; 4 0.32 aJ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Because of differences in their initial oxidation state, the full oxidation of a single carbon molecule can result in different free energy changes, even though each forms just one CO2 molecule. Which choice correctly matches the reactions shown with the proper relative energy change in attojoules (1 aJ 10-18 J)? 1. CH4 2 O2 → CO2 2 H2O 2. CH3OH 3/2 O2 → CO2 2 H2O 3. H2CO O2 → CO2 H2O 4. HCOOH 1/2 O2 → CO2 H2O a) 1: 0.32 aJ; 2 0.57 aJ; 3 0.89 aJ; 4 1.14 aJ b) 1: 0.32 aJ; 2 1.14 aJ; 3 0.89 aJ; 4 0.57 aJ c) 1: 0.57 aJ; 2 0.32 aJ; 3 1.14 aJ; 4 0.89 aJ d) 1: 0.89 aJ; 2 0.32 aJ; 3 0.57 aJ; 4 1.14 aJ e) 1: 1.14 aJ; 2 0.89 aJ; 3 0.57 aJ; 4 0.32 aJ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following statements comparing substratelevel phosphorylation and phosphorylation by chemiosmosis is INCORRECT? a) Both involve accessing energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient across a membrane. b) Both lead to the formation of ATP by coupling this reaction to some other exergonic change. c) Both involve reactions that are catalyzed by specific enzymes whose activities can be controlled. d) Both involve some energy being converted to heat during their operation. e) Both are done by many prokaryotes and by many eukaryotes. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following statements comparing substratelevel phosphorylation and phosphorylation by chemiosmosis is INCORRECT? a) Both involve accessing energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient across a membrane. b) Both lead to the formation of ATP by coupling this reaction to some other exergonic change. c) Both involve reactions that are catalyzed by specific enzymes whose activities can be controlled. d) Both involve some energy being converted to heat during their operation. e) Both are done by many prokaryotes and by many eukaryotes. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Compared to the carbons in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the carbons in 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate have _______, so these carbons are more _____. a) fewer bonds with oxygen and more bonds with hydrogen; oxidized b) fewer bonds with hydrogen and more bonds with oxygen; oxidized c) more bonds with oxygen and fewer bonds with other carbons; oxidized d) more bonds with oxygen and fewer bonds with hydrogen; reduced e) more bonds with hydrogen and fewer bonds with oxygen; reduced © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Compared to the carbons in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the carbons in 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate have _______, so these carbons are more _____. a) fewer bonds with oxygen and more bonds with hydrogen; oxidized b) fewer bonds with hydrogen and more bonds with oxygen; oxidized c) more bonds with oxygen and fewer bonds with other carbons; oxidized d) more bonds with oxygen and fewer bonds with hydrogen; reduced e) more bonds with hydrogen and fewer bonds with oxygen; reduced © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following processes is INCORRECTLY matched with its location in a eukaryotic cell? a) the production of ethanol by fermentation—the cytosol of the cell b) production of FADH2—the matrix of the mitochondria. c) formation of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation—via the F1F0-ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane d) reduction of NAD+—in both the cytosol of the cell and the matrix of the mitochondria e) reduction of oxygen gas to water—in the matrix of the mitochondria © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following processes is INCORRECTLY matched with its location in a eukaryotic cell? a) the production of ethanol by fermentation—the cytosol of the cell b) production of FADH2—the matrix of the mitochondria c) formation of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation—via the F1F0-ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane d) reduction of NAD+—in both the cytosol of the cell and the matrix of the mitochondria e) reduction of oxygen gas to water—in the matrix of the mitochondria © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which choice correctly orders the following four reactions from that with the highest free energy change to that with the lowest free energy change? 1. NADH H+ → NAD+ 2 H 2. C6H12O6 6 O2 → 6 CO2 6 H2O 3. ATP H2O → ADP H3PO4 4. pyruvate CoA → acetyl-CoA CO2 2 H a) 3 > 1 > 4 > 2 d) 3 > 2 > 1 > 4 b) 2 > 4 > 1 > 3 e) 2 > 1 > 4 > 3 c) 1 > 3 > 4 > 2 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which choice correctly orders the following four reactions from that with the highest free energy change to that with the lowest free energy change? 1. NADH H+ → NAD+ 2 H 2. C6H12O6 6 O2 → 6 CO2 6 H2O 3. ATP H2O → ADP H3PO4 4. pyruvate CoA → acetyl-CoA CO2 2 H a) 3 > 1 > 4 > 2 d) 3 > 2 > 1 > 4 b) 2 > 4 > 1 > 3 e) 2 > 1 > 4 > 3 c) 1 > 3 > 4 > 2 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Complex IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain combines O2 with hydrogens (that is, electrons and protons) to form water. (See figure on next slide.) Which choice correctly describes the ultimate source of these hydrogens? a) The electrons are taken directly from the carbons of glucose, but the protons (H+) are taken from bulk water. b) These hydrogens are taken from carboxyl groups found on organic acids in the mitochondrial matrix. c) These hydrogens are taken from highly oxidized carbon atoms during their reduction. d) Enzymes strip these hydrogens from carbons of glucose during their oxidation and pass them to NAD+ and FAD to bring to the electron transport chain. e) The hydrolysis of ATP, or of GTP, supplies these hydrogens to this complex. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Complex IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain combines O2 with hydrogens (that is, electrons and protons) to form water. (See figure on next slide.) Which choice correctly describes the ultimate source of these hydrogens? a) The electrons are taken directly from the carbons of glucose, but the protons (H+) are taken from bulk water. b) These hydrogens are taken from carboxyl groups found on organic acids in the mitochondrial matrix. c) These hydrogens are taken from highly oxidized carbon atoms during their reduction. d) Enzymes strip these hydrogens from carbons of glucose during their oxidation and pass them to NAD+ and FAD to bring to the electron transport chain. e) The hydrolysis of ATP, or of GTP, supplies these hydrogens to this complex. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is NOT an immediate net product of the typical mitochondrial electron transport chain (see figure)? a) ATP b) water c) NAD+ d) FAD e) a proton electrochemical gradient © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is NOT an immediate net product of the typical mitochondrial electron transport chain (see figure)? a) ATP b) water c) NAD+ d) FAD e) a proton electrochemical gradient © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. During lactic acid fermentation pyruvate is given two additional hydrogen atoms. The immediate source of these hydrogens is from ____, which earlier got those hydrogens directly from _____. a) NADH; water b) FADH2; ADP and Pi c) NAD+; glucose d) NADPH; phosphoenol-pyruvate e) NADH; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. During lactic acid fermentation pyruvate is given two additional hydrogen atoms. The immediate source of these hydrogens is from ____, which earlier got those hydrogens directly from _____. a) NADH; water b) FADH2; ADP and Pi c) NAD+; glucose d) NADPH; phosphoenol-pyruvate e) NADH; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Humans make many of our own amino acids. Which situation would best promote the production of a needed type of amino acid by a healthy liver cell? a) high rates of ATP hydrolysis and a good supply of fats b) high concentrations of glucose and ADP in the cytosol c) excess amounts of other amino acids and a high ATP/AMP ratio in the cytosol d) anaerobic conditions and a good supply of carbohydrates e) inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Humans make many of our own amino acids. Which situation would best promote the production of a needed type of amino acid by a healthy liver cell? a) high rates of ATP hydrolysis and a good supply of fats b) high concentrations of glucose and ADP in the cytosol c) excess amounts of other amino acids, and a high ATP/AMP ratio in the cytosol d) anaerobic conditions, and a good supply of carbohydrates e) inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Through beta-oxidation, fats are converted to acetylCoAs. The further respiration of these acetyl-CoAs typically bypasses which parts of normal aerobic respiration? a) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation b) glycolysis and chemiosmosis c) the citric acid cycle and fermentation d) pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle e) glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Through beta-oxidation, fats are converted to acetylCoAs. The further respiration of these acetyl-CoAs typically bypasses which parts of normal aerobic respiration? a) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. b) glycolysis and chemiosmosis. c) the citric acid cycle and fermentation. d) pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle. e) glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.