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Loose ends Cellular respiration 1. Is glucose the only molecule that can be catabolized during cellular respiration? Why do we use glucose as the model? 2. Why do hydrogen atoms accompany electrons as they are transferred in biological systems? 3. Why is it thought that glycolysis is the first catabolic pathway to have evolved in the metabolism of all cellular systems? 4. List the starting materials, end products, and eventual fates of all of the molecules that participate in glycolysis. Cellular respiration cont. 5. Why are pyruvate converted into acetyl-coA prior to entering the Kreb’s cycle? What does this conversion do to the pyruvate molecules? 6. Where in the mitochondria does oxidative phosphorylation occur? Why does it occur there? 7. What products of the prior phases of cellular respiration are used in the electron transport chain? How are they used? Cellular respiration cont 8. Explain how the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is used. 9. Explain the meaning of the term “protonmotive force”. 10.Why is oxygen needed for oxidative phosphorylation? http://prezi.com/m9s0caebmwdu/ap-biometabolism-2-chemoheterotrophicnutrition/ Animal development 1. Explain what happens during each of the following phases of animal development: • fertilization • cleavage • gastrulation • neurulation • organogenesis 2. Diagram the structure of the amniotic egg, label each membrane and provide a brief description of their functions. 3. What is the function of the placenta in mammals? Animal development • What forms in gastrulation? ECTODERM MESODERM ENDODERM •SKIN, TEETH •NERVOUS SYSTEM •SKELETAL, MUSCULAR SYSTEMS •LINING TO RESPIRATORY, DIGESTIVE TRACTS. Shelled eggs and their extramebryonic membranes. • Amnion protects embryo from dehydrating. • Allantois is the disposal sac for metabolic wastes. • Chorion and the allantois exchange gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide. • Yolk sac transfers nutrients through blood vessels. • Nutrients are also stored in the albumen. Animal development • Bozeman biology video on development http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pa9uPnIeVKU&feat ure=plcp&context=C4354369VDvjVQa1PpcFNSsPuV Wdxz_Cue3NU5Yl5I07oFShWYnPc= Animal immune system Humoral vs cell-mediated response Primary vs secondary immune response Action potential Action potential and the sodium potassium pump 1. Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is TRUE? A)the exterior of the cell has a net negative charge and the interior has a net positive charge B)the exterior of the cell has a net negative charge and the interior is neutral C)the exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior has a net negative charge D)the exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior is neutral E)the exterior of the cell is neutral and the interior has a net negative charge 2. During depolarization, which of the following statements about voltage-gated ion channels is TRUE A)K+ gates open before Na+ gate B)Na+ gates open before K+ gates C)Na+ and K+ gates open at the same time D)Na+ gates open while K+ gates remain closed E)K+ gates open while Na+ gates remain closed 3. Depolarization occurs because A)more K+ diffuse into the cell than Na+ diffuse out of B)more K+ diffuse out of the cell than Na+ diffuse into it C)more Na+ diffuse into the cell than K+ diffuse out of it D)more Na+ diffuse out of the cell than K+ diffuse into it E)both Na+ and K+ diffuse into the cell The nerve impulse • http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/ch apter14/animation__the_nerve_impulse.html