Download organism

Ecology
The study of living organisms and their
environment.
Ecology
What is Ecology?
Study of living
organisms.
Eco- = living
-ology = study of
What is an organism?
Anything that has the
characteristics of life.
Example: Sea Turtle,
Fungi, Bacteria
What is a species?
A group of organisms
that can interbreed and
reproduce
Example: Homo Sapiens
Characteristics of Life
•
•
•
•
•
•
Living things are organized
- Orderly structure (cells)
- we are made up of billions of cells
Requires energy!
Reproduction
Life Cycle - grows and develops over time
Adapts and evolves
Maintains homeostasis
Environmental Factors
What is the Environment?
Biotic
Bio = living
Examples: animals, plants, fungi,
insects, bacteria
Abiotic
Abiotic = non living
Examples: water, oxygen, soil,
nutrients, temperature, sunlight,
wind
Determine the abiotic and biotic factors.
Activity!
Take out your composition notebook.
Draw a picture of a Venn Diagram.
Label one circle abiotic and the
Other biotic.
List 4-5 different
Characteristics that fit into
Each side.
Timed: 5 minutes.
Biological Hierarchy = levels of organization
Levels of organization
= Biological Hierarchy
Organism
• An individual living thing
that posses all the
characteristics of life.
Species
• More than one organism
that can interbreed and
produce fertile offspring
Biological Hierarchy
Population
• A group of organisms, all of
the same species living in
same place at same time.
Community
• All the populations of
different species that live in
the same place @ same
time.
Ecosystem
population of plants and animals interacting in the same place at
the same time and all the abiotic factors are also there.
– Example: Both temperature and water effects the growth
of plants and trees.
– Fish and coral reef live within the
same ecosystem.
Ecosystem
Interactions
These trees are the habitat for
the community of organisms
that live here.
Activity:
• In pairs.
• Sketch a picture containing a
habitat.
• Name six organisms that live
in this habitat.
• List the niche of each
organism.
Time: 12 minutes.
Lets talks about the differences:
Habitat: an area where an organism
lives.
Example: Atlantic Ocean, Amazon Rain
Forest, Arctic tundra
Niche: the role or position an organism
plays in its environment
Example: Sea Otters eating Sea urchins
Ecosystem Interactions
How are the fish using the coral reef?
The coral serves as a habitat for the
fish.
What is the niche of the fish?
The fish are primary producers, eating
plankton and small fish around the coral
reef.
<<<< How is the fungus and
green moss using the tree
branch?
The tree serves as a habitat for
both.
<<<< What is the niche of the
fungus?
The fungus is a decomposer,
taking in nutrients from the
wood.
Ecosystem Interactions
• Competition: occurs
when more than one
organism uses a
resource at the same
time.
• Resources are food, water,
space, and light
• Predation: the act of
one organism pursuing
and consuming another
organism.
Community Interactions
Symbiosis: A relationship between different species in which there is a close and a
permanent association between them
– Mutualism
– Commensalism
– Parasitism
Mutualism
• A symbiotic relationship in
which both species benefit
from living in close
association.
Clown fish & Sea anemone
The fish protect the anemone
from anemone-eaters, the
anemone protects the fish
from fish eaters.
Commensalism
• A symbiotic relationship in which one species
benefits and the other species is neither
harmed or benefited.
Barnacles attach to whales
barnacles are filter feeders
as whales move through
the water the barnacles
experience continuous
feeding
Commensalism
Trigger Fish
It’s diet consists of
molluscs(shelled
organisms), tub worms,
and plankton
The trigger fish swims
around the sea lifting
rocks.
Other fish are known to
swim next to him.
These fish get a free
dinner!
The Trigger fish doesn’t
gain or lose anything.
Parasitism
• A symbiotic relationship in which one species
derives benefit at the expense of the other
species (host)
-Brown-headed cowbirds display a
brood parasitism. They lay their eggs
in the nest of songbirds, often at the
expense of the host birds’ eggs. The
offspring of the host birds’ offer
suffer in feedings, cowbirds are
much larger.
Parasites
Parasites don’t always kill
their host.
Examples: lice & ticks
Video Clip
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1
t81Q
• Draw a T-chart using your new vocabulary
words: commensalism, mutualism, and
parasitism.
• In your own words, define all three terms.
• List examples of each.
• Draw a sketch or create a sentence using the
new words.
Heterotrophs: receive
energy from eating other
organisms.
Hetero- = different
-troph = organisms that get
nutrients.
• Autotrophs: an organism that
collects energy from the sun or
inorganic substances.
Auto - = self-feeding
-troph = organisms that get nutrients
• Autotrophs are the foundation of
all ecosystem because they make
energy available for all
organisms.
Different types of Heterotrophs
•
•
•
•
Carnivores: eats meat
Herbivores: eats plants
Omnivores: eats both meats and plants
Detritovores: eats decomposing matter
Models of Energy Flow- Pick a
partner, build a food chain
Food Chain
Food Web
Ecological Pyramids
a) In a pyramid, which direction does energy travel? How much energy
is transferred to the energy above it?
b) What is the relationship of biomass at each trophic level?
c) How does the number of organisms relate at each trophic level?
Practice
1. Which term best describes the bee’s role of gathering pollen?
a) Niche b) predator c) parasite d) habitat
2. Name an organism who is an autotroph. What is it’s niche?
3. Where is the largest concentration of energy in a food chain?
4. How does energy first enter a pond ecosystem?
a)
Through growth of algae
b)
through light from the sun
c)
through decay of dead matter
d)
through runoff from fields
5. Which of these levels of organization include all the other levels?
a)
Community b) ecosystem c) population d) organism
6. Draw an energy pyramid for a food chain made up of grass, catepillars, snake, roadrunner.
Assume that 100% of energy is available in the grass. At each trophic level, demonstrate
how much energy is available at the next trophic level.
Objective for September 10, 2014
• Today I will learn and
analyze how essential
nutrients such as
water and carbon are
cycled through
biogeochemical
processes.
Bell Ringer
1) Compare and contrast autotrophs and
heterotrophs.
2) Illustrate the flow of energy through a simple food
chain that ends with a lion as the final consumer.
3) Classify a pet dog as an autotroph or heterotroph,
and as an herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore.
Explain.
4) Evaluate the impact of living organisms if the Sun
began to produce less energy and then finally
burned out.
Cycles of Matter Vocabulary
• What is matter? Anything that takes up space!
• What is a nutrient? Macromolecules(chemical substances) taken
from the environment to sustain life.
• What are macromolecules?
Carbon – Hydrogen – Nitrogen – Oxygen – Phosphorous
• What is a biogeochemical cycle? Exchange of matter through the
biosphere
Bio = life
Geo = earth
Chemical = a substance that’s been purified
• Why is it important that these macronutrients are recycled?
Nutrients continue to be recycled and reused by other
organisms
Hydrologic Cycle
• Transpiration – movement of water through a plant
• Condensation - collision of water/moist water with
cold dry water
• Precipitation – rain, snow, hail, sleet
• Evaporation – water returning to the atmosphere
• Run-off
• Percolation (from the soil) – filtering of water from
soil
• Ground Water (aquifers) - nonreplenishable
Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaDkph9
yQBs - NOAA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D7hZpI
YlCA - Crash Course
Why Carbon?
• Why is carbon important? Carbon is one of
the most abundant elements on Earth.
• Compounds containing Carbon are called
organic compounds.
• All cells contain Carbon. It is one the most
essential building blocks of life.
• Carbon can exist in 3 states
of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
Carbon Cycle Facts
• The carbon cycle is balance through a variety of
sources and sinks.
-Anything that release carbon = source
-Anything that absorbs carbon = sink
• Over time, without any human influence, the
sources and sinks balance.
Examples of a source: volcano
eruption, burning of
fossil fuels,
cell respiration(converting
energy into waste)
Carbon Cycle
• 1st: As a gas, carbon dioxide is first used during
photosynthesis of plants. These plants are known as
producers.
• 2nd: Primary consumers obtain carbon from eating
producers.
• 3rd: Secondary consumers obtain carbon from eating
the herbivores.
• 4th: When living things die, the matter decays and
decomposes into the soil.
• 5th: As living things breathe, the carbon is released
back into the atmosphere.
TO THE NITROGEN CYCLE!!
Nitrogen Cycle Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DP24Bce
Owt8
Video Questions
1. Where is Nitrogen found?
2. Plants can’t use atmospheric nitrogen(N2) because they
prefer to breakdown their macromolecules before usage.
What 3 chemical compounds containing Nitrogen can they
use? ___________ , _____________ , _____________
3. What is the last stage of the nitrogen cycle?
4. What is the function of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?
Nitrogen Cycle Vocabulary
• Nitrogen fixation: the process of capturing and
converting nitrogen into a form plants can use
as nutrients(NO2) (NO3)
• Denitrification: soil bacteria convert Nitrogen
compounds (NO) back into nitrogen gas (N2)
and return to the atmosphere.
Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonium (NH4+ ) is
released Nitrous oxide
(NO2)
Bacteria fix nitrogen
NO2  NO3NO3-  taken up by root
Nitrogen Cycle