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Ecology 1 Lesson Objectives Bio 2.1 and Bio 2.2 Bio 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4, 2.2.1, and 2.2.2 • Bio 2.1 Interdependence of living organisms within their environments • Bio 2.1.1 Flow of energy • Bio 2.1.2 Survival and Reproductive success of organisms • Bio 2.1.3 Symbiotic Relationships • Bio 2.1.4 Stability of ecosystems • Bio 2.2.1 Human activities and Impact 2 • Bio 2.2.2 Sustainable Practices What is Ecology??? • study of how living things interact with each other and the environment • Science of relationships 3 Organisms, Habitat & Niche • Organisms are individual living things; organisms need energy and matter from the environment • Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives • Niche is the role an organism plays in the environment 4 Habitat One habitat might contain hundreds or even thousands of species. A rotting log in a forest can be home to many species of insects, including termites that eat decaying wood and ants that feed on the termites. Other species that live on and under rotting log include millipedes, centipedes spiders, and worms. 5 Niche You might think that competition for resources would make it impossible for so many species to live in the same habitat. However, each species has different requirements for its survival. As a result, each species has its own niche. An organism’s niche is its role in its environment – how it obtains food and shelter, finds a mate, cares for its young, and avoids danger. 6 Biotic Factors: • All the LIVING aspects of an environment. • All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection. 7 Abiotic Factors: • the NONLIVING parts of an organism’s environment. • Examples: air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil 8 Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic 9 Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic 10 Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic 11 Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic 12 Levels of Organization 13 What are the Simplest Levels? • Atom • Molecule • Organelle • Cell • Tissue • Organ • Organ System • Organism 14 Levels of Organization • Ecologists have organized the interactions an organism takes part in into different levels according to complexity. 15 Figure 3-2 Ecological Levels of Organization Section 3-1 “Organism” 16 Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism 1st Level of Organization • Organism: An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops 18 nd 2 Level of Organization • Population: A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time • Produce fertile offspring • Compete with each other for resources (food, mates, shelter, etc.) 19 3rd Level of Organization • Biological Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. 20 4th Level of Organization • Ecosystem: Populations of ALL biotic and abiotic things that interact with each other in a given area. • Terrestrial=Land • Aquatic=Water 21 5th Level of Organization • Biome: group of Ecosystems that have the same climate 22 6th Level of Organization • Biosphere: The portion of Earth that supports LIFE!! 23 What level of organization? Organism 24 What level of Organization? Population 25 What level of Organization? Community 26 Ecology Recap • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnFylw dYH4 27 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem 28 Energy Flow • Energy in an ecosystem originally comes from the sun • Energy flows through Ecosystems from producer to consumers 29 PRODUCER Organisms that can make glucose during photosynthesis aka: AUTOTROPHS 30 Photoautotroph Producers CAPTURE Energy from the sun by: – Photosynthesis • Adds Oxygen to the atmosphere • Removes Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere Algae 31 PRODUCER CONSUMER The energy that is NOT used by PRODUCERS can be PASSED on to organisms that cannot make their own energy known as the CONSUMER AKA: Heterotroph 32 CONSUMERS that EAT PRODUCERS to get ENERGY are called: • Primary Consumers st (aka: 1 Order Consumers) EX: Herbivores (plant-eaters) 33 Consumers Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain energy. 1) Herbivores – Eat ONLY Plants 2) Carnivores – Eat ONLY Other Animals 34 Consumers 3) Omnivores (Humans) – Eat Plants & Animals 4) Detritivores (Scavengers) – Feed On Dead Plant & Animal Remains (EX: buzzards) 5) Decomposers – Fungi & Bacteria 35 A CONSUMER that EATS another CONSUMER for ENERGY are called: • Secondary Consumers (aka: 2nd Order Consumer) May be a: -carnivore -omnivore -predator -scavenger 36 A CONSUMER that EATS a CONSUMER that ALREADY ate a CONSUMER for ENERGY are called: • Tertiary Consumer (aka: 3rd Order Consumer) May be a: -carnivore -omnivore -predator -scavenger 37 Feeding Relationships ENERGY flows through an ecosystem in ONE DIRECTION from PRODUCERS to various levels of CONSUMERS 38 Feeding Relationships • Food Chain – SIMPLE path of transfer of ENERGY (organisms are less likely to survive) • Food Web – COMPLEX path of transfer of ENERGY that is made up of many food chains (organism more likely to survive) 39 4th Order Consumer Producer (trapped sunlight & stored food) 1st order Consumer 2nd Order Consumer 3rd Order consumer 40 Name the Producer & Consumers in this food chain: Main source of ENERGY Producer Tertiary Consumer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer 41 Name the Producer, Consumers & Decomposers in this food chain: Producer Mushroom: Decomposer RAT:1st order Consumer CAT:2nd Order Consumer 42 Food Web Secondary & Tertiary consumers – Carnivores & Omnivores Primary consumers - Herbivores Producers 43 Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers: Count the Food Chains! 44 Trophic Levels Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Trophic Level • Producers Always the FIRST Trophic Level – How Energy Enters The System • Herbivores SECOND Trophic Level • Carnivores/Omnivores – Make Up The Remaining Trophic Levels Each level depends on the one below it 45 for energy. Food Chains Show Available Energy 46 Ecological Pyramids Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic Level May be: Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers 47 Energy Pyramids Show • Amount of available energy decreases for higher consumers • Amount of available energy decreases down the food chain • It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers • It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers 48 Energy Pyramid Energy Pyramid Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat. 49 50 Biomass Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid. 51 Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level. 52 Ecology “Symbiotic Relationships” 53 Symbiosis Not all relationships among organisms involve food. Many organisms live together and share resources in other ways. Any close relationship between species is called symbiosis. 54 Competition Competition – A symbiotic relationship in which both species are harmed. 55 Competition EX: Flowering Plants The two flowering plants are competing for the same space BOTH of them are HARMED 56 Competition EX: Kudzu Uses the same space and resources at the same time!! It “out competes” other native plants so they don’t have 57 Mutualism Mutualism – A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. 58 Mutualism EX: Cowbirds and Large Animals The cowbird benefits by eating the ticks and mites off the large animal. The large animal benefits from having the parasites removed from them. The birds can also warn them of danger. 59 Mutualism EX: Bees and Pollen Bees receive nectar from the flowers in order to make honey. As the bees collect nectar, they collect pollen on their body. As they fly to another flower, they pollinate it by dusting the pollen on the flowers stamen. 60 Mutualism EX: Cleaner Shrimp These shrimp set up large cleaning stations on the reef where fish will come to have parasites picked from their skin. The shrimp gets a constant food source and the fish (eel in this case) gets rid of potentially dangerous parasites 61 Mutualism EX: Nitrogen fixing Nodules Bacteria in the nodules can take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and turn it into a form that can be used by the plant; in return, the plant protects the bacteria from harmful oxygen and the bacteria get food from the plant. 62 Mutualism EX: Ant and Aphid Ants protect the aphids while they eat on the plants. The aphids provide the ants with honeydew that they secrete. 63 Commensalism Commensalism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected. 64 Commensalism EX: Clown Fish and Sea Anemones The clown fish is immune to the stings of the sea anemones tentacles. The clown fish makes its home in the tentacles for protection. The clown fish gets shelter, but the sea anemone gets nothing. 65 Commensalism EX: Shark and Remora The remora hangs around the shark picking up any scraps it may leave. The remora gets food while the shark gets nothing. 66 Parasitism Parasitism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is harmed. 67 Parasitism EX: Tapeworms and Humans 68 Parasitism EX: Ticks Parasites rarely kill their hosts because to do so would ultimately harm the parasite! 69 Parasitism EX: Ticks 70 Parasitism EX: Cowbirds Cowbird females lay their eggs (one per nest) in the nests of other species. The hatchling cowbird is big and gets MOST of the food. This is because the foster birds tend to feed the largest mouth. The Cowbird benefits and the other species is HARMED. 71 Predation Predation – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is killed. 72 Predator and Prey An organism’s niche includes how it avoids being eaten and how it finds or captures its food. Predators are consumers that capture and eat other consumers. The prey is the organism that is captured by the predator. 73 Predator and Prey The deer is being eaten by the python. It is prey. The python has captured and is eating the deer. 74 Predator and Prey Predator Prey 75 Predation Predator: Spider Prey: Insect Predator: Snake Prey: Mouse 76 Predator/Prey Relationship The presence of predators usually increases the number of different species that can live in an ecosystem. Predators limit the size of prey populations. As a result, food and other resources are less likely to become scarce, and competition between species is reduced. 77 Benefits Harmed Competition Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Predation Killed Not Affected XX XX X X X X X X 78 Cycles of Matter 79 Section 3-3 The Carbon Cycle CO2 in Atmosphere CO2 in Ocean 80 4 main CARBON reservoirs in BIOSPHERE CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in Ocean atmosphere as CO2 gas 1.In the____________ ocean as dissolved CO2 gas 2.In the _______ 3.On the _______ land in organisms, rocks & soil 4.__________ Underground as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks 81 Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from? CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in Ocean Volcanic activity 1.________________ Human activity (burning fossil fuels) 2.______________________________ 3._________________ Cellular respiration Decomposition of dead organisms from82 4.____________ the oceans BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 Water Cycle 83 WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? SOLVENT 1)Water is a good _________________ 2)Many molecules dissolve in water so it provides a place for chemical reactions to happen 3)Water doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps with HOMEOSTASIS __________________ 84 Nitrogen Cycle Section 3-3 N2 in Atmosphere NH3 NO3and NO2- 85 BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT? 1) NITROGEN BASES make DNA and RNA 2) Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in ATP 3) Makes AMINO part of amino acids (proteins) Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm Image by Riedell 86 Bacteria that live in the soil and in symbiotic relationships with plants called legumes, take NITROGEN from the atmosphere and turn it into Ammonia (NH3), a form that is USEABLE by plants. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED NITROGEN FIXATION 87 http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif Image from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Producers absorb phosphate from soil and water Phosphate moves through food web Phosphate returns to soil and water from waste or decomposition Weathering wears away rocks and sediments and releases phosphate into soil and water Sediments form “new land” to complete cycle 88 WHY IS PHOSPHORUS IMPORTANT? 1) Makes DNA and RNA 2) Transfers energy as ATP 3) Makes phospholipids for cell membranes Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm Image by Riedell 89