* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ecology (without Biomes)
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Maximum sustainable yield wikipedia , lookup
Molecular ecology wikipedia , lookup
Source–sink dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Biogeography wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
History of wildlife tracking technology wikipedia , lookup
Natural environment wikipedia , lookup
Renewable resource wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
What is Ecology? 1 The study of organisms and their environment 2 See if you know the difference between the two! 3 Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic 4 Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic 5 Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic 6 Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic 7 Biotic Factors Review 8 Biotic Factors • Are the living things or their materials that directly or indirectly affect an organism In its environment. • Some biotic factors include: – Parasitism – disease – predation 9 Biotic Factors Producers Organisms that make their own food. Ex- Plants & some bacteria Consumers: Organisms that eat (consume) other organisms for energy (animals) 10 Biotic Factors • Decomposers: Consumers that eat waste products for energy. Waste products are feces, urine, fallen leaves, dead animals. (Fungi, some bacteria) 11 Scavengers • Organism that eats other dead organisms 12 Abiotic Factors • Are those non-living physical and chemical factors which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce • Includes things such as: – sunlight – temperature – type of soil or rock – water availability 13 Feeding Relationships Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own food (plants and some bacteria) Heterotrophs: Organisms that eat other organisms (they cannot make their own food) 14 Feeding Relationships Herbivores: eat plants (cows) Carnivores: eat meat (wolves) Omnivores: eat plants and meat (humans) 15 Levels of Organization 16 Review: What are the Simplest Levels? • Atom • Molecule • Organelle • Cell • Tissue • Organ • Organ System 17 Which Level of Ecological Organization? Take this quiz to see if you can tell the difference between the two! 18 Which Level? • Organism – An Individual with all characteristics of life 19 Which Level of Organization? • Population – groups of organisms of the same species 20 Which Level of Organization? • Biological Community – group of populations living together 21 Which Level of Organization? Ecosystem: the living and nonliving parts that are interacting together 22 Which Level of Organization? • Biosphere: The earth that supports life. 23 What level of organization? Organism 24 What level of Organization? Community 25 What level of Organization? Population 26 Habitat & Niche • Habitat is where something lives • Niche is an organism’s total way of life (how it eats, competes with others) 27 FYI- Niche • Includes all its interactions with the biotic and abiotic parts of the environment • Each type of organism occupies its own niche to avoid competition with other types of organisms • Two species can share the same habitat but not the same niche • Example: Ants and bacteria both live in the dirt (habitat) but have different niches. Ants eat dead insects and bacteria eat dead leaves, dead logs, and animal waste. So ants and bacteria don’t compete for resources. 28 Survival Relationships • Predator-prey: predators are consumers that hunt and eat other organisms called prey. 29 Survival Relationships • Symbiosis: relationship in which one species lives on, in, or near another species and affects its survival. • 3 Types: – Mutualism – Commensalisms – Parasitism 30 Mutualism • type of symbiosis in which both species benefit. – Ex. Clownfish living in the sea anemones. It provides protection for the fish, and attracts potential food for the anemones. 31 32 Commensalism • type of symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited – Example: Spanish moss grows on the branches of trees. The moss gets a habitat and the tree gets nothing. 33 Parasitism • one species benefits and the other species is harmed. – – Parasite: organism that harms but does not usually kill another organism Host: organism that is harmed by a parasite • Ex. Ticks feed on dogs, people, etc. The ticks get food (blood) and the hosts lose blood and can be infected with disease. 34 Ecology- Study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Producer- Uses the sun to make food “autotroph” 1. Organismindividual with all characteristics of life. The 5 Levels of Ecological Organization 5. Biospherepart of the earth that supports life Consumerorganisms eat others for energy “heterotrophs” Decomposer- break down dead organisms and cause decay 2. Populations- groups of organisms of the same species. 3. Community- group of populations living together. 4. Ecosystemliving & nonliving parts interact together. Abiotic FactorsNon-living parts of the environment. Scavenger-eats dead organisms Biotic FactorsAll the living parts of the environment 35 End of Day One Notes 36 Trophic levels and food chains • Trophic level: A feeding level in an ecosystem. 37 Eaten by 1st trophic level: producers (make their own food) Eaten by 3rd trophic level: secondary consumer (small carnivore) Eaten by 4th trophic level: tertiary consumer (large carnivore) Bacteria 2nd trophic level: primary consumer (eats plants) Eaten by Last trophic level: decomposer (eats dead animals) 38 39 Energy Pyramid • Every time an organism eats, it obtains energy from its food. • So energy is transferred from the 1st trophic level to the 2nd trophic level to the 3rd trophic level and so on. • Some of this energy is lost along the way during an organism’s metabolism and as heat. • This energy can be measured in kilocalories (kcal). 40 Energy Pyramid • Picture that shows how much energy is transferred among the different trophic levels in a food chain; energy is lost as you move up the pyramid. • Food chain: lineup of organisms that shows who eats who. – Shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem. 41 Food Webs • A food web is a network of connected food chains. More realistic than a food chain because most organisms feed on more than one species for food. 42 Trophic Level Energy Available 10 kcal/m2/year 4th Tertiary consumers 3rd Secondary consumers 2nd Primary consumers 1st Producers 100 kcal/m2/year 1000 kcal/m2/year 10,000 kcal/m2/year 43 44 45 Some energy is lost as heat and the rest is consumed or excreted as waste. 46 47 Practice with Food Chains & Food Webs 48 Identify the food chains inside the food web. 49 End of Day 2 Notes 50 Cycles in Nature • There is only a limited amount of resources (water, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon) on the earth. • In order to keep these resources available to organisms, they must be recycled after they are used. • Cycle: a process that recycles a resource so that you end up with what you started with. 51 Nitrogen Cycle 1. Nitrogen fixation: Bacteria in the ground change nitrogen from the atmosphere (N2) to different nitrogen compounds 5. Denitrification: Bacteria change the nitrogen compounds back to N2 and release it to the atmosphere 2. These bacteria live in plants and transfer the nitrogen compounds to the plants 4. Bacteria eat the dead animals and animal waste and take in the nitrogen compounds 3. Animals eat the plants and take in the nitrogen compounds 52 Nitrogen Cycle 53 Water Cycle 2. Seepage: Water seeps into the ground and plants use it 3. Transpiration: Plants give off water to the atmosphere 1. Precipitation: Rain and snow fall from the atmosphere to the earth 2. Runoff: Extra water runs off the land to lower-lying bodies of water 3. Evaporation of water from the bodies of water back into the atmosphere 54 Water Cycle 55 Carbon Cycle 1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) are found in the atmosphere 2. Plants use CO2 to make their own food (photosynthesis) 3. During photosynthesis, plants release O2 back into the atomosphere 2. Animals and plants use the O2 to make energy (respiration) 3. During respiration, animals and plants release CO2 back into the atomosphere 56 Carbon Cycle 57 Population Size 58 Populations • What is a population? • What are some factors that can contribute to the size of a population? 59 Organism Interactions Limit Population Size Organisms depend on each other for: Protection Reproduction Food Shelter So what happens when these factors change? 60 Organism Interactions Limit Population Size 1. Predation: – What could happen if a predator is introduced to a population and there are no organisms to eat it? Unchecked for many years, the snakes caused the extinction of nearly every native bird species on the Pacific island of Guam 61 Organism Interactions Limit Population Size 2. Competition - What can happen if resources become limited? 62 Organism Interactions Limit Population Size 3. Crowding & Stress – As pop. Increase in size and start straining their resources, they may become stressed. What are some examples of stress symptoms? • • • • Aggression Decrease in parental care Decreased fertility Decreased resistance to disease 63 How do you determine population size? • Growth rate—amount that a population’s size changes over time – Birth rate—number of births occurring during a period of time (ADD) -- Death rate (or mortality rate)— number of deaths in a period of time (SUBTRACTS) 64 How do you determine population size? Birth rate – death rate = growth rate - Positive number means the pop. is growing - Negative number means the pop. is shrinking 65 Human population size • Other things that affect a population’s numbers: • Life expectancy—how long on average an individual is expected to live – US men: 72 yrs, US women: 79 yrs • Immigration—individuals moving into a population (ADDS) • Emigration—individuals moving out of a population (SUBTRACTS) 66 What can affect population size? • When you figure out the number of individuals living in a certain area, this is called the population density. • There are two limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that can affect the pop. density • Limiting factor—any biotic or abiotic factor that restrains the growth of a population 67 What are limiting factors? • Density-independent factors—factors that affect the population regardless of the population’s size – Ex: fires, climate • Density-dependent factors—factors whose effects on the population depend on the population’s size – Ex. food shortages, disease 68 Density- dependent or Densityindependent? Take the following quiz to find out! 69 • Predation – Density-dependent • Volcanic eruption • Parasitism – Density-dependent • Forest fire – Density-independent – Density-independent • Migration • Chemical pesticides – Density-dependent – Density-independent 70 Communities 71 FYI: How are communities formed? • Communities are made of several populations living together • Think back to population size. What are some limiting factors that can affect a community? 72 FYI: Forming Communities • What would happen if people stopped cutting the grass in their yards? 1. The grass would get taller & weeds would grow 2. Later, bushes would grow; trees would appear, and different animals would enter the area 3. After 30 years, it would eventually become a forest…BUT WHY? 73 Forming Communities Succession—orderly, natural changes and species replacements that take place in the communities of an ecosystem 74 Communitites • Primary succession— development of a community in an area that did not previously exist –Ex: new volcanic island, bare rock, sand dune –Happens slowly 75 76 Communities • Pioneer species—usually small, fast growing, and fast reproducing organisms that are first to colonize land after a disturbance • Example of primary succession: lichens 77 Communities • Secondary succession— sequential replacement of species that follows a disruption of an existing community • Example of secondary succession: grasses, weeds 78 79 Communities • Climax community— stable end point of a community after succession takes place 80 End of Day 3 Notes 81